2014—2018年河南省冬小麦施肥现状及增产潜力评价

旨在为河南省不同区域小麦养分优化管理提供合理解决方案。调研采用实地问卷调查的方法,选择2014—2018年河南省具有代表性的县域作为调查地点,共得到7485份有效调查问卷,调查内容包括小麦产量、施肥习惯、施肥量、施肥种类、施肥方式等。河南省小麦产量在4500.00~10500.00 kg/hm²,氮肥投入量变化范围在0.00~939.08 kg/hm²,平均氮肥偏生产力、增产潜力分别为57.59 kg/kg和39.39%。磷肥投入量变化范围在0.00~455.40 kg/hm²,平均磷肥偏生产力、增产潜力为115.40 kg/kg和44.63%。钾肥投入量变化范围在0.00~337.50 kg/hm²、平均钾肥偏生产力、增产潜力为93.06 kg/kg和43.90%。2014—2018年,河南省小麦年际间产量表现不稳定,不合理施肥比例逐年下降,肥料偏生产力呈现递增趋势。应当根据当地土壤肥力适当减少氮肥的投入量,降低基追比,增施磷钾肥后小麦将有40%~45%的增产潜力。

Winter Wheat in Henan Province: An Evaluation of Fertilization Status and Yield Increase Potential in 2014—2018

The aim is to provide rational solution for the optimal management of wheat nutrients in different areas in Henan Province. Field questionnaires are used in this study, and the representative counties in Henan Province were chosen as the survey sites in 2014-2018. 7485 effective questionnaires were obtained, covering the aspects of wheat yield, fertilization habits, fertilization amounts, fertilization types, fertilization ways and etc. The yield of wheat in Henan ranged from 4500.00 kg/hm² to 10500.00 kg/hm², and the nitrogen fertilizer input varied from 0.00 kg/hm² to 939.08 kg/hm²; the average partial fertilizer productivity (PFP) and yield increase potential was 57.59 kg/kg and 39.39%, respectively. The phosphate fertilizer input varied from 0.00 kg/hm² to 455.40 kg/hm²; the average PFP and yield increase potential was 115.40 kg/kg and 44.63%, respectively. The potassium fertilizer input varied from 0.00 kg/hm² to 377.50 kg/hm²; the average PFP and yield increase potential was 93.06 kg/kg and 43.90%, respectively. From 2014 to 2018, the inter-annual yield of wheat in Henan Province was unstable, the proportion of unreasonable fertilization decreased year by year, and the partial fertilizer productivity showed an increasing trend. Wheat planting in Henan Province should reduce the input of nitrogen fertilizer appropriately according to local soil fertility, reduce the ratio of base fertilizer to topdressing and increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and the yield increase of wheat will be 40%-45%.