有机物料替代蛭石对脱毒马铃薯原原种栽培基质性质、酶活性及效益的影响

摘要：为了解决研究区域蛭石资源匮乏,制约脱毒马铃薯原原种大面积繁殖的问题,在防虫网棚内,进行有机物料替代蛭石（蛭石∶锯末∶蚕豆秸秆体积比0.40∶0.35∶0.25,蛭石∶锯末∶油菜秸秆体积比0.40∶0.35∶0.25,蛭石∶锯末∶葵花秸秆体积比0.40∶0.35∶0.25）对脱毒马铃薯原原种基质性质及酶活性和效益影响的研究。结果表明：蛭石∶锯末∶蚕豆秸秆体积比0.40∶0.35∶0.25比其他处理有利于改善基质理化性质,提高基质酶活性和脱毒马铃薯原原种经济效益,与传统蛭石对照相比较,基质容重、pH值和成本分别降低26.67%、2.95%和32.33%,总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度和CEC值分别增加1.61%、1.60%、1.64%和11.94%,田间持水量、贮水量、饱和持水量、毛管持水量和非毛管持水量分别增加14.94%、9.24%、1.61%、1.60%和1.64%,脲酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和多酚氧化酶活性分别增加17.76%、14.98%、12.55%和16.34%;脱毒马铃薯原原种株高、茎粗、根系长、单株叶片数、地上部分鲜质量和地上部分干质量分别增加6.75%、5.13%、5.36%、8.29%、9.89%和9.92%,存活率、保苗数、单株结薯粒数、单株粒质量、单粒质量、繁殖效率分别增加3.62%、3.63%、4.19%、22.75%、10.14%和7.97%,产值、基质利润和基质投资效率分别增加7.96%、12.41%和66.08%。采用锯末、蚕豆秸秆替代传统蛭石,改善了基质理化性质,降低了基质成本,提高了脱毒马铃薯原原种经济效益。

Effects of Substituting Vermiculite with Organic Materials on Substrate Properties, Enzyme Activities and Benefits of Virus-free Potato Original Seed

Abstract: In order to solve the problem of lack of vermiculite resources in the study area, which restricts the large area propagation of virus-free potato original seeds, organic materials were used to replace vermiculite (vermiculite : sawdust residue : faba bean straw volume ratio of 0.40 : 0.35 : 0.25, vermiculite : sawdust residue : rape straw volume ratio of 0.40 : 0.35 : 0.25, vermiculite : sawdust residue : sunflower straw volume ratio of 0.40 : 0.35 : 0.25) in the insect-proof net shed. Effects of organic material replacement on substrate properties, enzyme activities and benefits of virus-free potato original seed were studied. The results showed that compared with other treatments, vermiculite : sawdust residue : faba bean straw volume ratio of 0.40 : 0.35 : 0.25 could improve the physical and chemical properties of the substrate, increase the activity of substrate enzyme and improve the economic benefits of virus-free potato original seed. Compared with the CK of traditional vermiculite, the bulk density, pH value and cost of substrate were reduced by 26.67%, 2.95% and 32.33%, respectively. Total porosity, capillary porosity, non-capillary porosity and CEC increased by 1.61%, 1.60%, 1.64% and 11.94%, respectively. Field capacity, storage capacity, saturated capacity, capillary capacity and non-capillary capacity increased by 14.94%, 9.24%, 1.61%, 1.60% and 1.64%, respectively. The activities of urease, phosphatase, sucrase and polyphenol oxidase increased by 17.76%, 14.98%, 12.55% and 16.34%, respectively. Plant height, stem diameter, root length, number of leaves, fresh weight and dry weight of above ground of virus-free potato increased by 6.75%, 5.13%, 5.36%, 8.29%, 9.89% and 9.92%, respectively. Survival rate, number of seedlings protected, number of grains per plant, grain weight per plant, grain weight and reproductive efficiency increased by 3.62%, 3.63%, 4.19%, 22.75%, 10.14% and 7.97%, respectively. Output value, substrate profit and investment efficiency increased by 7.96%, 12.41% and 66.08%, respectively. The traditional vermiculite was replaced by sawdust and faba bean straw, could improve the physical and chemical properties of the substrate, reduce the substrate cost, and increase the economic benefit of the original seed of virus-free potato.