施肥模式对渭北旱地小麦产量及效益的影响

为探讨渭北旱塬地区小麦生产中减肥增效技术，于2012-2014年在陕西省长武县巨家镇巨家村以长旱58为材料，比较分析了5种施肥处理 ［不施肥（对照）、农户施肥模式、推荐施肥模式、高产施肥模式和高产减氮施肥模式］下小麦的产量及其结构和经济效益。结果表明，推荐施肥模式、高产施肥模式和高产减氮施肥模式下小麦籽粒产量显著提高，比对照和农户施肥模式分别增产4.3%~32.3%和0.2%~21.1%；成穗数比对照和农户施肥模式分别增加13.0%~45.4%和1.1%~27.1%;穗粒数比对照和农户施肥模式分别降低2.9%~16.2%和0.3%~11.2%;千粒重比对照降低0.6%~7.8%，与农户施肥模式比较有增有减。高产减氮施肥模式经济效益两年均比对照增加，其中2013-2014年达到显著水平；其他模式经济效益两年均不同程度下降，其中2012-2013年达到显著水平。因此，建议在渭北旱塬地区小麦生产中，在农户施肥模式的基础上减施氮肥、增施磷钾肥，或在推荐施肥模式基础上增施磷钾肥，以利于产量和经济效益同时提高。

Effect of Different Fertilization Models on Yield and Benefit of Dryland Wheat in Weibei Area

This study was conducted from 2012 to 2014 at Jujia village,Jujia town,Changwu County,Shaanxi Province. This experiment took Changhan 58 as the material and five different fertilization treatments were set up,including no fertilization model (control),farmer model,recommended model,high-yield model,and high-yield nitrogen reduction model. This study was conducted to explore the effects of yield and its components of wheat and analyse the benefits. The results showed that the grain yield of wheat was significantly increased under different fertilization modes,with the increase rate of 4.1% to 32.3% compared with the control,and 0.2% to 21.1% compared with that under farmer model. Under different fertilization modes,the number of ears was increased by 13.0% to 45.4%compared with the control,and by 1.1% to 27.1% compared with that under farmer model; the grain number per spike was decreased by 2.9% to 16.2% compared with the control,which was 0.3%to 11.2% lower than that under farmer model; the thousand kernel weight was decreased by 0.6%to 7.8% compared with that of control. The income of high-yield nitrogen reduction model was increased by 3.8% to 13.4% compared with that of control,but other models did not increase income but production. For the farmers fertilization model,reducing the application of N fertilizer and increasing P and K fertilizers can improve yield and fertilizer benefit; for the recommended fertilization model,adding P fertilizer and K fertilizers has significant effect on increasing yield and efficiency.