尼帕病毒研究进展

尼帕病毒(Nipah virus,NiV)是新近发现的引发脑部炎症或呼吸道疾病等重症的新型人畜共患病病毒,该病毒最初于1999年马来西亚尼帕镇的1名脑炎患者脑脊液中分离获得,至今已经历了数次大的流行,造成严重的经济损失和人员伤亡.该病毒可由动物传播给人,也可直接人与人传播,并且能够在猪等动物身上引起严重疾病,狐蝠科的果蝠是该病毒的天然宿主.NiV感染人后的病死率极高,并且目前还没有有效的疫苗和治疗措施,生物危害性极大,被列为生物安全4级病原(BSL4).笔者从NiV的分类及分型、基因和蛋白质组、流行和分布、疫苗研制、临床和病理变化以及实验室诊断技术等方面对NiV做简单的概述.

Research Progress of Nipah Virus

Nipah virus is a newly identified paramyxovirus that causes serious respiratory disease and encephalitis in humans and animals.Outbreaks and spreads of this virus have led to the severe economic losses and human deaths since the first isolation of Nipah virus in Malaysia,1999.Bats in the genus Pteropus are natural hosts of this viruses,and contact with infected animals or human-to-human transmission were thought to be the major route of the virus spreading.As is highly contagious in human and swine with high case fatality rate,Nipah virus are classified as biosafety level 4(BSL4) agents,for which there is still no available vaccination or effective antiviral treatment.This review provides a simple overview of Nipah virus in taxonomy,genomics and proteomics,epidemiology,vaccine development,clinical and pathological signs,diagnostic techniques.