中国高粱地方品种和育成品种穗部表型性状精准鉴定及综合评价

【目的】 通过对高粱种质资源穗部表型多样性与遗传变异规律的研究,筛选高粱优异种质,丰富高粱穗部相关性状的遗传信息,为现有种质资源的保护、高效利用及新品种的选育等提供参考。【方法】 以320份来源于中国各地的高粱种质为供试材料,对其在2个不同生态环境下的12个穗部性状（粒长、粒宽、千粒重、籽粒硬度、籽粒容重、角质率、穗粒重、穗长、穗柄长、穗柄直径、一级枝梗长和一级枝梗数）进行精准鉴定。运用相关性分析、主成分分析、聚类分析等方法对高粱种质资源进行综合评价,并根据综合评价F值及目标性状筛选出不同突出特点的优异高粱种质。【结果】 各数量性状分布频次呈中间高两边低的分布趋势,籽粒硬度、穗粒重和籽粒容重、角质率2年间的频次分布和曲线走势分别在保定和晋中试验点较为相似,多数性状只在一个年份或单个试验点呈正态分布;除穗长和一级枝梗数外,其余性状的均值在同年两点间存在差异;12个穗部性状的平均多样性指数（H'）分布范围为1.72—2.11,其中,籽粒硬度的多样性指数均值最高,一级枝梗长的多样性指数均值最低;籽粒硬度、角质率、穗粒重、一级枝梗长和一级枝梗数的变异系数均高于30.00%;所提取的4个主成分累计贡献率为65.39%;聚类分析将320份种质划分为3个类群,第Ⅰ类可作为筛选工艺（帚）用高粱的种质类,第Ⅱ类适用于粒用（酿造）高粱优异种质的选育,第Ⅲ类为穗部性状表现较差的种质;依据综合得分F值及目标性状筛选出具有不同突出特点的29份优异种质。【结论】 参试高粱种质资源穗部性状表型变异丰富,多样性程度较高;角质率和一级枝梗长的变异系数较高;粒长、粒宽、籽粒硬度、籽粒容重和穗粒重受环境条件影响较大,一级枝梗长相对稳定;筛选出优异种质29份。

Accurate Identification and Comprehensive Evaluation of Panicle Phenotypic Traits of Landraces and Cultivars of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench in China

【Objective】 Through the research on the phenotypic diversity and genetic variation of the sorghum germplasm resources in the panicle, we will screen for superior sorghum germplasm, enrich the genetic information of sorghum panicle-related traits, and provide a reference for the conservation and efficient use of existing germplasm resources and the selection and breeding of new varieties.【Method】 Using 320 sorghum accessions from different parts of China as test materials, we accurately identified 12 panicle traits (grain length, grain width, thousand-grain weight, grain hardness, grain density, corneous endosperm rate, kernel weight per panicle, main panicle length, panicle neck length, panicle neck diameter, primary branches length, primary branches number) in two different ecological environments. A comprehensive evaluation of sorghum germplasm resources using correlation analysis, principal component analysis, cluster analysis, and other methods. We screened elite sorghum germplasms with different outstanding characteristics according to the comprehensive evaluation value F and target traits. 【Result】 The frequency distribution of each quantitative trait showed a trend of high in the middle and low on both sides. The two-year frequency distribution and curve trend of grain hardness, kernel weight per panicle and grain density, and corneous endosperm rate were similar at the Baoding and Jinzhong test sites. Most of the traits only showed normal distribution in one year or a single location. Except for the main panicle length and number of primary branches, the other traits differed between the two test sites in the same year. The mean diversity index (H') distribution of the 12 panicle traits ranged from 1.72 to 2.11, among which the average diversity index of grain hardness was the highest, and the average diversity index of primary branches length was the lowest. The coefficients of variation of grain hardness, corneous endosperm rate, kernel weight per panicle, primary branches length, and the number of primary branches were all higher than 30.00%. The cumulative contribution rate of the extracted four principal components was 65.39%. Cluster analysis classified the 320 accessions into three groups, class I can be used as the germplasm for screening process (broom) sorghum; class II is suitable for selecting excellent germplasm for grain (brewing) sorghum; class III was the germplasm with poor panicle traits. We screen 29 superior germplasm with outstanding characteristics according to the comprehensive score value F and target traits. 【Conclusion】 The variability of sorghum germplasm resources in panicle traits was rich and diverse; the coefficient of variation of corneous endosperm rate and primary branches length was high; grain length, grain width, grain hardness, grain density, and kernel weight per panicle were significantly affected by environmental conditions. We screened 29 superior germplasm.