小麦抗赤霉病育种回顾与展望

由禾谷镰刀菌复合种引起的赤霉病是全世界最重要的小麦病害之一,严重影响小麦的产量和品质,受病原菌侵染的籽粒还会产生脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol,DON)为主的毒素,进一步威胁人畜健康.抗赤霉病品种选育与应用是解决小麦赤霉病及毒素危害的有效途径,中国自20世纪50年代开始抗赤霉病育种研究,70年代成立全...

Review and Prospect on the Breeding for the Resistance to Fusarium Head Blight in Wheat

Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by Fusarium graminearum complex, is one of the most disastrous diseases seriously affecting yield and quality in wheat. Wheat kernels infected by Fusarium pathogen produce Fusarium mycotoxin, especially deoxynivalenol (DON), which may threaten the health of human beings and livestock. Breeding and application FHB resistant varieties is effective to control the disease and mycotoxin. Breeding for the resistance to FHB in wheat was commenced in 1950s in China. A national network on FHB research in wheat was established in 1970s. Inoculation methods were established and widely used for evaluating FHB resistance. Sumai 3, Wangshuibai and other resources with high resistance to FHB were selected and applied worldwide. Release of Yangmai 158 and Ningmai 9 with desirable agronomic traits and moderate resistance to FHB was a breakthrough in wheat breeding for FHB resistance. Such varieties have not only been widely applied in wheat production, but also produced more than 20 wheat varieties as parents of each variety. In addition to conventional breeding, chromosome engineering was used for transfer alien germplasm into wheat cultivated varieties, somaclonal variation and double haplotype produced by cell engineering techniques broadened genetic background and improved breeding efficiency in wheat genetic improvement for FHB resistance. The outbreak of FHB in North America in 1990s initiated the attention to FHB research in the United States and Europe. International cooperation prompted the exchange on material, technology and information in wheat breeding for FHB resistance. As results, significant progress in the research of FHB resistance type, inoculation techniques and evaluation index, germplasm development, QTL mapping, gene cloning, marker assisted selection and breeding for FHB resistance has been made. More than 600 QTL associated with FHB resistance were identified and located on all 21 chromosomes of wheat by using bi-parents linkage mapping and whole genome association analysis. Seven major genes/QTL were named as Fhb1-Fhb7. For the major QTL, Fhb1, associated with FHB resistance derived from Sumai 3 and Wangshuibai, the key candidate gene was cloned and validated, functional markers were developed and effectively used for marker assisted selection and new varieties possessing Fhb1 were released. The Fhb7 gene from Thinopyrum ponticum has also been isolated and used to improve FHB resistance in wheat. Pyramiding multiple QTL by marker assisted selection enhanced the resistance to FHB in wheat base on QTL fine mapping and close linked marker development. In the future, we should establish accurate phenotypic evaluation systems for evaluating the resistance to Fusarium head blight, strengthen the discovery of novel resistance germplasms and genes, isolate key genes related to FHB resistance and uncover their molecular mechanism, combine marker-assisted selection or genome selection with conventional breeding to continuously improve FHB resistance, breed wheat varieties with FHB resistance significantly improved and excellent agronomic traits.