氨基酸合成抑制剂类除草剂诱导油菜雄性不育效果评价

甘蓝型油菜对以乙酰乳酸合酶为靶标的磺酰脲类等除草剂很敏感, 其中部分除草剂具有很强的化学杀雄作用。本文通过油菜抽薹期叶面喷施试验, 比较26种能够抑制氨基酸生物合成的除草剂及复配剂对甘蓝型油菜雄蕊育性的影响。结果显示除过双草醚、麦喜、胺苯磺隆外, 其余23种除草剂均对油菜具有不同程度杀雄作用。其中600 mg hm^–2的咪唑乙烟酸、150mg hm^–2的吡嘧磺隆、240 mg hm^–2的烟嘧磺隆、200 mg hm^–2的单嘧磺隆和120 mg hm^–2的氯磺隆具有较高杀雄率, 但容易产生药害。而60~90 mg hm^–2的酰嘧磺隆、苯磺隆及其复配剂对油菜杀雄率大于95%, 持续时间长, 对雌蕊结实性能影响较小, 且在20个甘蓝型油菜品种(系)上杀雄效果稳定, 可以作为油菜等植物的最佳化学杀雄剂活性成分。本试验证明可以从氨基酸合成抑制型除草剂中筛选化学杂交剂, 为进一步开发化学杀雄剂提供了参考。

Evaluation of Male-Sterility Induction Effect of Various Amino Acid Biosynthesis Inhibiting-Herbicides on Rapeseed (Brassica napus)

Oilseed rape is very sensitive to most sulfonylurea herbicides. The active constituent of sulfonylurea herbicides is acetolactate synthase (ALS), which catalyzes the common reaction to synthesize three branched-chain amino acids including leucine, valine, and isoleucine in plants. Some sulfonylurea herbicides have strong gametocidal effect on rapeseed. In the present paper, we evaluated the gametocidal effect of 26 herbicides inhibiting the biosynthesis of amino acids after leaf-spraying them at bolting stage of rapeseed (Brassica napus). Application of 6000 mg ha^–1 glufosinate ammonium and 22 500 mg ha^–1 glyphosate, inhibiting the biosynthesis of glutamine and phenylalanine respectively, caused partially male sterile. Except Bispyribac-sodium, Florasulam + flumetsulam, and Ethametsulfuron, the twenty-three ALS-inhibiting herbicides, including eighteen sulfonylureas, two imidazolinones, one sulfonylamino-carbonyltriazolinone, one triazolopyrimidines, and one pyrimidinylthio (or oxy)-benzoate, could induce male sterility in Brassica napus. Among them, Imazethapyr (600 mg ha^–1), Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl (150 mg ha^–1), Nicosulfuron (240 mg ha^–1), Monosulfuron (200 mg ha^–1), and Chlorsulfuron (120 mg ha^–1) had high gametocidal efficiency which was not stable when the dosage changed slightly, indicating that they would be potential CHAs for Brassica napus by fine adjustment of dosage. Foliar application of Tribenuron-methyl or Amidosulfuron at the doses from 60 to 90 mg ha^–1 on 20 Brassica napus varieties (lines) showed 95% male sterility as well as lower phytotoxicity on pistil fertility. In conclusion, Tribenuron-methyl and Amidosulfuron are the best gametocides for Brassica napus among those herbicides. Our findings of gametocidal effect of those chemicals extend the function of ALS-inhibiting herbicides.