Different drivers create spatial vegetation cover and vertical structure in semi-arid African savannas

Important drivers of woody cover in African savannas are rainfall, soil and nutrients, and disturbance factors, such as fire and herbivory. However, very little is known about how these drivers influence woody cover at specific height classes. The main aim of this study was to identify which of these drivers are the best predictors of woody cover at three height classes: shrub (0.75–2.5 m), brush (2.5–5.5 m) and tree (>5.5 m). Percent woody cover estimates were collected using a rapid monitoring technique over 1 700 sites in Kruger National Park, South Africa. Geology (basalt and granite), mean annual rainfall, fire frequency and elephant density were analysed as potential drivers of woody cover. Results indicate that mean annual rainfall was negatively associated with shrub cover, fire frequency was negatively associated with brush cover, and elephant density was negatively associated with tree cover. Patterns of woody cover show that while geology influences the spatial distribution of horizontal woody cover, variation in vertical vegetation structure is created and maintained by top-down disturbance. This provides the first documentation of drivers associated with structurally differentiated woody cover at regional scales. Future studies on woody cover in disturbance-driven environments should not ignore vegetation structure.