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Manure contaminated with the antibiotic sulfadiazine impairs the abundance of nirK- and nirS-type denitrifiers in the gut of the earthworm Eisenia fetida |
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| Authors: | Anja Kotzerke Sven Klemer Kristina Kleineidam Marcus A Horn Harold L Drake Michael Schloter Berndt-Michael Wilke |
| Institution: | 1. Berlin University of Technology, Institute of Ecology, Franklinstra?e 29, 10587, Berlin, Germany 2. Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Soil Ecology, Ingolst?dter Landstra?e 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany 3. Department of Ecological Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Dr.-Hans-Frisch-Stra?e 1-3, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany |
| Abstract: | The antibiotic sulfadiazine (SDZ) can affect denitrifying bacteria in soil. However, effects on denitrifiers in the gut of earthworms have not been described so far. Therefore, the influence of SDZ-contaminated manure applied to soil on denitrifiers in the gut of the earthworm Eisenia fetida was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction targeting genes coding for nirK- and nirS-type nitrite reductases of denitrifiers. Gut contents of Eisenia fetida contained 2.5 × 106 and 5.1 × 105 gene copies of nirK and nirS, respectively, after 2 weeks in soils amended with manure only. Copy numbers of nirK and nirS in gut contents from manure treatments with SDZ were up to ten times less. Overall, the data indicate a negative impact of SDZ on denitrifiers in the gut of earthworms. |
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