Kidney Injury Molecule-1 in the detection of early kidney injury in dogs with leptospirosis |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Bacterial Disease Laboratory, Federal University of Bahia, 500 Adhemar de Barros Av., Salvador, BA 40170-110, Brazil;2. Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, 500 Adhemar de Barros Av., Salvador, BA 40170-110, Brazil;3. Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Reitor Miguel Calmon Av., Salvador, BA 40140-100, Brazil;1. Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran;2. Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran;1. Internal Medicine Service, DMV Veterinary Center, 2300, 54th Avenue, Montreal (Lachine), QC H8T 3R2, Canada;2. Department of Clinical Sciences of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200, rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada;1. Department Clinical VeterinaryMedicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland;2. Institute for Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland;3. Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Switzerland;2. Centre for Animal Production and Health, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia;1. Department of Virology, Haffkine Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India;1. Co-operative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan;2. Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-16-13 Kita-Kasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan |
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| Abstract: | Renal damage, a common feature in canine leptospirosis, ranges from a subclinical affection to kidney dysfunction and death. Chances of recovery can be improved by early intervention. However, traditional biomarkers (serum urea and creatinine) have limited relevance for precocity. Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1) is a transmembrane protein upregulated in early stages of tubular injury. This study evaluated the use of urinary KIM-1 to detect early renal injury in naturally occurring canine leptospirosis. This exploratory research included 30 dogs divided into two groups: (1) dogs with leptospirosis (n = 25) and (2) healthy dogs (n = 5). Leptospira sp. infection was diagnosed through urine PCR and/or direct bacteriologic culture and/or serology (single MAT titters ≥800). Additionally, stage of infection was further characterized in acute and subacute phases based on the onset of clinical symptoms from 3 to 7 days. Urinary KIM-1 (uKIM-1) concentrations were measured in both groups with a commercial canine ELISA kit.uKIM-1 levels were statistically different (P < 0.01) between the studied groups, especially in non-azotemic dogs (P = 0.0042). The biomarker showed 88 % sensibility to diagnosis of kidney injury at> 1.49 ng/mL cut-off. Urine KIM-1 was negatively correlated with urine specific gravity (USG) but accompanied histopathological evidence of renal degeneration, necrosis and regeneration processes, extending information on kidney health. Measurement of KIM-1 in the urine of canine patients was able to detect naturally occurring acute and subacute leptospirosis accompanied by tubular injury in early non-azotemic infections. |
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| Keywords: | Leptospirosis KIM-1 Kidney damage Urinary biomarker Dog |
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