不同规模农户生产技术效率及灌溉用水效率差异研究-- 基于内陆干旱区农户微观调查数据

水资源短缺已成为制约内陆干旱区农业生产和经济社会可持续发展的关键因子。然而农户生产技术效率不高、灌溉用水效率低下、水资源浪费严重已成为不争事实。为此,基于农户这一微观视角,运用实证调查和定量分析相结合的方法,在黑河中游选择典型区域的甘肃省民乐县和临泽县进行了调查研究。结果表明,农户生产技术效率远高于其灌溉用水效率,民乐县和临泽县总体样本农户的平均生产效率分别为83.82%和83.16%,而其平均灌溉用水效率分别为24.54%和22.16%。这表明在现有技术条件和生产要素投入不变的情况下,若消除效率损失,民乐县小麦的单位产出可能增加16.18%,临泽县制种玉米的单位产出可能增加16.84%;同时也表明相对于现有生产条件下可行的最小水投入量,民乐县被访农户的小麦生产浪费了75.46%的水资源,临泽县被访农户的制种玉米生产浪费了77.84%的水资源。结果再次显示,农户生产低效主要是由生产技术非效率因素引起的,民乐县这一因素占73.45%,其余26.55%是农户控制不了的因素引起的;临泽县该因素占76.58%,农户控制不了的因素占23.42%。而且,不同经营规模农户生产技术效率和灌溉用水效率差异性明显。农户生产技术效率与经营规模呈现"倒U型",农户经营规模与其灌溉用水效率呈现同向变动趋势。最后就如何提高农户用水效率提出了几点政策措施。

Differences in farmer production technical efficiency and irrigation wateruse efficiency from household micro-data analysis in northwest inland arid regions of China

Water resources shortage is a key factor restricting agricultural production and sustainable socio-economic development in the northwest inland arid regions of China. Also technical production efficiency, agricultural water waste and inefficient water use in inland arid farming regions contribute immensely to water resources shortage. To this end, an empirical research was conducted using a combination of experimental investigation and quantitative analysis in the middle reaches of Heihe River, the northwest inland arid region of China. The results showed that farmer technical production efficiency (TPE) in the region was significantly higher than irrigation water use efficiency (WUE). The farmer average TPEs for Minle County and Linze County were 83.82% and 83.16% with mean irrigation WUEs of only 24.54% and 22.16%, respectively. Assuming no efficiency loss, it implied that the unit outputs of wheat in Minle County and seed corn in Linze County successively increased by 16.18% and 16.84% under present technical production conditions. This also suggested that compared with the minimum feasible water input under the present input-output conditions, about 75.46% of the water resources was wasted in wheat production in Minle County. Similarly, about 77.84% of water was wasted in seed corn production in Linze County. The result further indicated that farmer production inefficiency was mainly driven by TPE. While wheat TPE in Minle County accounted for 73.45%, other factors not controllable by farmers accounted for 26.55% of the production efficiency. Also for seed corn, farmer TPE accounted for 23.42% and other factors beyond farmer control accounted for 76.58% of the production efficiency in Linze County. Moreover, farmer TPE and irrigation WUE were obviously different for different farm/farming family sizes. The plot of management scale versus farmer TPE tracked an inverted U-shaped curve, with a stretched out co-rotation tendency of farmer irrigation WUE and management scale. The study also advanced and discussed several measures concerning enhancement of farmer irrigating WUE and TPE.