Vaccination of older Bos taurus bulls against bovine babesiosis

Two separate groups of Bos taurus bulls, one of 106 and the second of 27 animals, imported to Israel from areas free of Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina, were vaccinated against babesiosis with a bivalent live attenuated vaccine. In light of the fact that routine vaccination is recommended at the weaning age, these bulls--of highly susceptible breeds--were kept under close surveillance to prevent losses that might be caused by severe clinical reactions to their vaccination at the age of 16-18 months. Seven days after vaccination, about one-third of the 106 bulls in the first group developed clinical signs of B. bigemina infection, which peaked at day 9, and then diminished from day 11, when the patent period known for B. bovis infection was observed. Because of the severe clinical responses a total of 36% of the bulls required babesicidal treatment. Despite the treatment Babesia were not sterilized: 33 and 68% of the animals remained PCR positive for B. bigemina and B. bovis, respectively. To mitigate the severe responses to vaccination, the 27 bulls of the second group were vaccinated in two-steps: they were inoculated initially with avirulent culture-derived parasites and then vaccinated with the conventional donor-derived vaccine a month later. None of the bulls in the latter group developed clinical babesiosis, all were serologically positive to B. bigemina, and 67% showed seroconversion to B. bovis. In light of the experience described here, it is suggested that sensitive older cattle be vaccinated against babesiosis by priming them with avirulent in vitro-cultured parasites and then inoculating them with the conventional donor-derived vaccines.