全膜覆土栽培对作物的水温效应

为揭示全膜覆土栽培对作物的增产机理,在大田条件下分析了全膜覆土、传统地膜覆盖及露地栽培春小麦的土壤温度、土壤含水量、灌浆速率,以及两茬春小麦和一茬马铃薯的产量、水分利用效率和经济效益的差异。结果表明,与露地栽培相比,全膜覆土显著提高了春小麦生长前期耕层地温,降低了生长后期地表温度,同时起到保水和充分利用土壤深层水分的作用。全膜覆土春小麦的籽粒灌浆速率峰值出现时间和灌浆持续时间均比露地和地膜覆盖小麦分别推后3和6 d,平均灌浆速率分别提高0.65%和6.15%。全膜覆土栽培技术可连续提高三茬作物的产量及水分利用效率,使其总纯收益比露地和地膜覆盖处理分别增加26.07%和10.76%。

Effects of Technique of Cultivation with Overall Film-mulched Soil on Soil Water and Soil Temperature of Crops

In order to propose a new dryland farming technology in northwest dryland areas. Three cultivation management modes including CK, plastic film mulching and overall film-mulched soil were conducted to investigate their variations on soil temperature ,soil moisture content, grain-filling rate, yield and water use efficiency of wheat and other indexes under field conditions during 2008 to 2010. The results showed that compared to bare field, the cultivation mode of overall film-mulched soil could greatly increase the surface soil temperature and effectively maintain soil moisture during earlier growth stages, and reduce the surface soil temperature and efficiently use the deep soil water (40~120 cm) in the latter growth stages. The peak of grain-filling rate and duration of grain-filling of overall film-mulched soil were postponed by 3 days and 6 days than that of bare land, and plastic film mulching. The grain-filling rate per day of overall film-mulched soil was increased by 10.65% and 6.15%, than that of bare land and plastic film mulching. It could increase crop yield and water use efficiency significantly by overall film-mulched soil mode for the three continuous crops; The net income of overall film-mulched soil mode increased by 26.07% and 10.76% than that of bare land and plastic film mulching modes.