水蛛气管的形态学观察与比较

水蛛(Argyroneta aquatica)是目前世界上唯一栖息在小溪、池塘、沼泽等小型水体中以捕食小鱼、小虾、昆虫幼虫为生的蜘蛛,广泛分布于古北界。本文对水蛛气管结构进行了形态学观察研究,并与3种常见陆生蜘蛛——宁波熊蛛(Arctosa ningboensis)、广缕网蛛(Psechrus senoculatus)和大腹园蛛(Araneus ventricosus)的气管结构进行了比较。发现水蛛气管为两条并排的圆柱体,其圆柱体两端伸出许多微气管分支,分别向前向后延伸入水蛛头胸部以及水蛛腹部中后端。其他3种蜘蛛的气管结构均为简单的4管型。复杂的气管结构体现了水蛛对气管更为高效的利用率,同时也发现水蛛的气管结构最为发达,说明其新陈代谢水平与运动水平也超过了常见的陆生蜘蛛种类。本文不仅对水蛛气管进行了观察比较,还讨论了水蛛气管结构与功能之间的关系,发现高度复杂的气管结构是水蛛对其独特的水下生存环境的一种适应,证明了气管在蜘蛛进化中的重要地位,为国内蜘蛛气管研究提供基础资料。

Morphology and comparison of the tracheal system of water spider, Argyroneta aquatica

The water spider (Argyroneta aquatica), is currently the world's only species inhabiting in water of streams, ponds, swamps and other water bodies and preying on small fishes, shrimps and insect larvae. It can be widely found in Palearctic area, including Europe and North of Asia. This paper observes the structure of tracheal systems in the water spider, and compared it with three common terrestrial spiders, Arctosa ningboensis, Psechrus senoculatus and Araneus ventricosus. The trachea system of water spiders were found in the form of two cylinders, with many tiny tubes (tracheal) extending forwardly into the cephalothorax and backwardly into the mid and posterior parts of abdomen from the ends of the cylinders. Tracheal structures in others are constructed in four simple tubes. The complex structure of the water spider's tracheal systems has revealed a higher usage of the tracheal system, and indicates the water spider's metabolism and exercise level also exceeds the common terrestrial spiders. This paper not only observed and compared the water spider tracheal systems, but also discussed the relationship between the structure and function of the system. It revealed that highly complex tracheal system is an adaptation to the unique underwater environment, proved the importance of the tracheal system in spider evolution, and filled the blank of Chinese spider tracheal system study.