Olive mill wastewater irrigation of maize: Impacts on soil and groundwater |
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Authors: | D. Moraetis F.E. StamatiN.P. Nikolaidis N. Kalogerakis |
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Affiliation: | Technical University of Crete, Department of Environmental Engineering, University Campus, 73100 Chania, Greece |
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Abstract: | The environmental impact of irrigating a maize field with weathered olive mill wastewater (OMW) for 5 years was assessed. The use of the weathered OMW added the following concentrations of nutrients to the field: 11.8 t/ha/yr carbon, 1033 kg/ha/yr total nitrogen, 23.8 kg/ha/yr phosphorous and 4161 kg/ha/yr potassium. The maize field received 6 times more nitrogen, 50 times more potassium and 2 times less phosphorous than the recommended fertilization rates. The presence of carbon increased microbial activity for organic nitrogen breakdown and the decomposition rate of organic nitrogen. No significant increase was observed of heavy metal accumulation in the soil. Electrical conductivity in the soil remained below the salinization threshold. No direct exposure values were exceeded. No impact on groundwater quality was observed. Irrigation of crops like maize with weathered OMW could be part of a viable decentralized solution for olive mill wastewater use in areas with low organic matter and high irrigation demand. |
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Keywords: | OMW, olive mill wastewater fresh OMW, olive mill wastewater from the facility waste stream weathered OMW, olive mill waste from the storage ponds MS, maize soil RS, composite reference soil EC, electrical conductivity DO, dissolved oxygen Eh, redox potential NO3-N, nitrates NO2-N, nitrites NH3-N, ammonia PO4-P, phosphates T. phenols, total phenols DOC, dissolved organic carbon TOC, total organic carbon COD, chemical oxygen demand TN, total nitrogen TKN, total Kjeldahl nitrogen DON, dissolved organic nitrogen Ca, calcium Mg, magnesium K, potassium CEC, cation exchange capacity EMN, exchangeable mineral nitrogen PMN, potential mineralizable nitrogen |
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