棉花产量与品质改进新对策

世界经济形势对棉花作为主导的纺织纤维来源提出了挑战.过去10年中,世界棉花的丰产性育种进展不大,棉农种植棉花的收益较低,棉花生产效益不稳.从目前单产水平的这种停滞状态可看出在多年的育种进程中,棉花从种植到成熟过程中产量组分所受到的生理限制.就改进产量的育种对策而言,注重产量组分比之注重衣分或铃数更为重要,此外应注重的是棉株的生理特性,如种子的含油量.而在产量处于徘徊的这段时期,经济的竞争使世界纺纱与纺织技术加速改进,以满足棉纤维品质的需求.在棉纤维加工过程中,短绒(12.7mm及以下绒长)的问题往往是造成棉纱拉力降低,尤其是对气流纺织技术.随着乌斯特公司"高级纤维信息系统"R的问世,已可以在对棉纤维长度分类时直接对棉短绒含量进行测定.本文的目的是讨论如何在保持现有纤维品质的前提下,采用新的技术与对策进一步提高产量.

New Strategies toImprove Cotton Yield and Quality

The global economy in production and consumption of cotton (G. hirsutum L. ) fiber faces challenges that threaten its dominance as the leading textile fiber. Cotton yields have not increased in the past 10 years, combined with low prices received by producers for fiber has made cotton production unprofitable. The current worldwide yield plateau may reflect physiological limits of the cotton plant to produce fiber, given yield components developed through years of breeding. New breeding strategies to enhance yield include manipulating yield components other than lint fraction or boil prolificacy, plus physiological traits such as seed oil content. Concurrent with the low profitability of cotton production has been an evolution in yarn and textile manufacturing technologies to meet fiber quality standards imposed by global competition. Short fibers (fibers 12. 7 mm or less in length) are problematic to fiber processing and result in weak yarns, especially when produced by air-jet spinning. With the development of the Advanced Fiber information SystemR by Zellwegger Uster it is now possible to directly measure short fiber content and proportion of fibers in length categories, allowing these. traits to be manipulated. The purpose of this paper is to discuss new strategies and technologies to further enhance cotton yields with fiber properties necessary for today's yarn manufacturing systems.