不同水肥优化模式对冬小麦生长发育及产量的影响

【目的】在渭北旱塬有限灌溉条件下，优化小麦水氮管理，为渭北旱塬冬小麦高产及资源高效利用提供理论依据。【方法】通过大田试验，研究了优化施氮补灌、秸秆覆盖和有机无机肥结合对冬小麦群体动态、干物质量及产量的影响。【结果】各处理小麦从出苗开始群体数量不断增加，到返青期达最大后开始下降；返青期以前，各处理之间没有显著差异，且群体数量和干物质量都以农户模式2（农户传统施肥灌溉处理）最高；返青期后经拔节期追氮补灌，小麦群体数量和干物质量存在显著差异，以优化模式3-1（优化水氮管理并结合秸秆覆盖和配施有机肥）最高，施氮和灌水均提高了小麦的群体总茎（穗）数和干物质量。各处理产量以优化模式3-1最高，为5 542 kg/hm²，较对照、农户模式1（不灌水的农户传统施肥处理）和农户模式2分别显著提高了110.8%，72.1%和17.8%。【结论】在渭北旱塬有限灌溉条件下，优化模式3-1不仅节约大量水资源，而且显著提高了小麦产量。

Effects of different optimized water and fertilizer modes on the yield and growth of winter wheat

【Objective】 The research was on the optimized irrigation-fertilization of winter wheat to provide theoretical basis for the cultivation measures of grains yield and resource using efficiency in the condition of water deficit in Weibei dryland.【Method】 A field experiment was carried out to study the effects of optimized nitrogen with supplementary irrigation,straw mulch,combination of organic manure and inorganic fertilizer on the population dynamics,dry biomass and yield of winter wheat.【Result】 The results showed that the population amount of the each treatment all increased after emergence,reached the highest at revival stage,and decreased afterwards.Before the revival stage,dry biomass and population were the highest in the farmers’mode 2 treatment(farmers’traditional fertilization and irrigation),while there was no significant difference among all the treatments on the population amount.After the topdressing nitrogen and supplementary irrigation in jointing stage,significant differences were showed in the population amount and dry biomass;dry biomass and population were the highest in the optimized mode 3-1.Nitrogen and irrigation could improve the population and dry biomass.The maximum yield was 5 542 kg/hm2 in the optimized mode 3-1 which was 110.8%,72.1%,17.8% higher than control treatment farmers’mode 1(farmers’traditional fertilization) and farmers’mode 2,respectively.【Conclusion】 In short,under the limited irrigation condition of Weibei dryland,optimized mode 3-1 could effectively save great amount of water resource and increase the grain yield of winter wheat,so it has a great promotion value.