我国奶牛养殖小区生产工艺与工程配套技术体系研究

近年来，中国奶业持续快速发展，作为我国奶牛饲养主体的农村散户小规模饲养已占奶牛总饲养量的80%左右。由于养殖规模小，设备简陋，饲养条件差，疾病难以防控，很多地方试图通过建设奶牛养殖小区来加以解决。但目前我国奶牛养殖小区还没有一套可供实际推广应用的生产工艺模式，小区没有科学的规划布局，工艺技术路线和工程防疫技术不到位，设施设备的配置不合理，饲养方式不统一，管理松散，缺乏计划性和全年生产的均衡一致性，无法从根本上克服这些矛盾。为此，作者在广泛调研的基础上，结合中国国情，提出了一套适合于奶牛养殖小区的舍饲散养生产工艺模式，并就该工艺模式的特点、生产工艺技术路线、工艺技术参数确定、配套设施与设备、小区布局以及工程防疫等关键技术进行了探讨，旨在为推进奶牛养殖小区的规模化、标准化的进程，提升我国奶业生产水平提供参考。

Production technology and related engineering technology in dairy villages in China

In recent years, Chinese milk industry has been developing fast. The rural private feeding on a small scale is the main feeding form in China. Cows bred in this way have already account for about 80% of the country's total cow number, whereas this form has many shortcomings, for example, its scale is small, the equipment is simple and crude, the feeding condition is bad and disease is difficult to control, etc. People attempt to solve these problems through building dairy villages, but the standard production technology in dairy villages for practical use is devoid at present. Dairy villages in many places were built without scientific overall arrangement, production organization and engineering disease prevention technology are not effective, the disposition of related equipments are unreasonable, ways of cow raising are not uniform. Dairy villages lack effective management, uniform production planning and all-year balanced production. All these problems can not be resolved fundamentally. For this reason, on the basis of surveying and studying cow villages in many places, the author proposed the free-stall housing system suitable for cow villages combining Chinese actual conditions. The characteristics of this system are described and some key techniques are discussed in this paper, such as production organization, technical parameters, related facility and equipment, engineering disease prevention technology and overall arrangement of dairy villages, etc. It's hoped to provide theoretical foundation to improve the production level of milk industry in our country and to advance cow villages developing on a large scale and with uniform standard.