秦岭北麓沣河流域矿区生境质量的时空演变及驱动因素分析

秦岭是中国的“中央水塔”，研究秦岭北麓矿山生境质量的时空演变特征对区域生态保护和可持续发展意义重大。为了评估小流域背景下人类活动对矿山生态环境的影响，该研究针对沣河流域内的重点工程祥峪铁矿区，基于遥感影像提取其1985、2002、2010年和2022年土地利用变化，结合InVEST (integrated valuation of ecosystem services and tradeoffs)模型和地理探测器定量分析该矿区生境质量变化与驱动因素。结果表明：祥峪铁矿区的土地利用变化主要由旱地逐步转变为林地和工业用地，疏林地转入面积达到18245505.71 m²，退耕还林还草工程取得显著成效；祥峪铁矿区生境质量指数由0.50下降为0.49，标准差由0.06增加为0.09，说明生境质量有所下降，空间差异不断扩大，区域整体平均生境退化度降低，但工业用地迅速扩张对周边林地产生持续影响；生境质量变化是自然因素和人文因素共同作用的结果，其中，土地利用变化是造成生态环境脆弱的主要原因，对生境质量变化的解释力达到0.82。该研究可为分析其他类似矿区生态环境演变，推动景观格局的优化和生态文明建设提供科学参考。

Spatial-temporal evolution and driving factors of habitat quality in Xiangyu mining area, Feng River basin, north foot of Qinling Mountains of China

A series of ecological and environmental issues often occur in the coal resources and large-scale exploitation activities. The Qinling Mountains have been the most vulnerable ecological areas in China. This study aims to explore the temporal and spatial evolution of mine habitat quality in the northern foot of the Qinling Mountains for regional ecological protection and sustainable development. A systematic investigation was implemented to clarify the impact of human activities on the ecological environment of mining areas under small river basins. The land use pattern was extracted from the Xiangyu mining area in the Feng River basin, according to the remote sensing images in 1985, 2002, 2010, and 2022. The InVEST model and geographical detector were used to quantitatively analyze the habitat quality and driving factors. The results showed that the land use in the Xiangyu mining area was mainly from the dry land to the forest and industrial land from 1985 to 2022, where the transfer area of forest reached 18245,505.71 m2, indicating the remarkable project performance of returning farmland to forest and grassland. Large ranges of bare and cultivated land were occupied by the development of the urban economy after 2010, where the industrial land was expanded rapidly. The habitat quality index decreased from 0.50 to 0.49, whereas, the standard deviation increased from 0.06 to 0.09, indicating the decreasing habitat quality and the ever-expanding spatial difference. Medium and low habitat quality were concentrated mainly in the areas with bare and construction land. In addition, the overall average degree of habitat degradation decreased from 0.48 to 0.47, but the rapid expansion of industrial land continued to affect the surrounding forests. There was a high spatial consistency in the distribution of habitat quality, habitat degradation, and land use patterns. The geographical detector showed that the influence degree of driving factors on habitat quality was ranked in the descending order of the land use (0.82), DEM (0.40), temperature (0.31), precipitation (0.30), population (0.29), NDVI (0.26), GDP (0.22), slope (0.12), and aspect (0.11). Among them, land use was the main cause of the fragile ecological environment. The coupled influence of natural with human factors on the ecological environment was greater than that of single factors. The interaction between land use and natural factors showed a double-factor enhancement, illustrating habitat quality was the result of natural factors and human factors. Research on mining areas should focus mainly on the land use policy and the impact of natural factors on engineering activities. Timely measures should be taken after high-intensity engineering activities, such as industrial construction and mining areas. The vegetation can be reconstructed to restore the water quality in the watershed. This finding can provide the scientific reference for the evolution of the ecological environment in similar mining areas, thus promoting the optimization of landscape patterns and the construction of ecological civilization.