明清畿辅地区水稻种植中环境与技术的颉颃

在以农为本的帝制时期,天、地、人"三才"理论一直是中国传统农业生产的基本指导思想,而"三才"理论的核心即是环境与技术。本文中,笔者以明清时期畿辅地区的种稻活动为例,来分析生态环境与农业技术之间的博弈关系。笔者认为,畿辅地区的水土环境、光照与气温制约着南方水田技术在此地的应用,畿辅地区恶劣的生态环境亦影响着水田技术在该区的扎根与传承;南来稻作技术在对北方旱地进行适应的同时,亦在一定程度上改变了畿辅某些地区的局地环境。在二者的颉颃中,占主导地位的是环境对技术的制约,农业技术必须以尊重环境为前提。

Conflicts between Environment and Technology of Rice Cultivation in Jifu Region during Ming and Qing Dynasties

In Chinese traditional society, the “Three Elements Theory” was regarded as the guiding principle in traditional agricultural production, and the core of the theory is the relationship between environment and technology. In this paper, rice cultivation in Jifu region during the Ming and Qing dynasties is taken as an example to analyze the relationship between the local environment and farming techniques. It is revealed that the paddy field technology coming from South China was constrained by water and soil conditions, temperature and sunlight in Jifu region; the harsh environment in Jifu area also affected the adoption and spread of the new paddy field technology in this area. At the same time, when efforts were made to adapt the rice techniques introduced from South China to the new conditions of Jifu region, these techniques also changed the local environment to some extent. In the interaction between environment and technology, the former dominated the latter; and the farming techniques must subject to the environment.