内蒙古西部地区自然灾害对玉米产量影响及气象因子分析

为明确内蒙古自治区玉米产量受灾害性天气影响情况,根据内蒙古自治区2005—2017年自然灾害情况、玉米播种面积、单产和总产情况,分析气象灾害影响和减产情况。结果表明：旱灾造成的内蒙古受灾面积占到70%以上,灾害发生频率最多、产生影响最大,且旱灾导致2009年玉米单产水平为近年最低。分析内蒙古自治区西部地区4个地市的23个气象站点气候条件,玉米生长季5—9月期间,气温、降水和风速等信息各站点差别不大,降水主要集中在7月和8月,呼和浩特市风速较低。比较各地市减产概率,巴彦淖尔市降水偏少,灾年平均减产率较高,受气候波动的影响较大,但是灌溉比例高,玉米单产变异系数最低,产量稳定性较好。呼和浩特市灾年平均减产率最高,玉米单产变异系数也最高,产量波动较大,稳定性较差。从玉米种质资源收集利用入手,提高育成玉米品种抗逆性能,是降低自然灾害和气象风险的有效手段。

Impact of Natural Disasters on Maize Yield and Analysis of Meteorological Factors in Western Inner Mongolia

To clarify the impact of severe weather on maize production in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, the impact of meteorological disasters on crop yield was analyzed based on the natural disaster situation, maize planting area, unit yield and total output from 2005 to 2017. The results showed that the area affected by drought accounted for more than 70%, the frequency was the highest and the impact was the greatest, and the drought resulted in the lowest maize yield level in 2009. The climatic condition of 23 meteorological stations in four cities of western Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region were studied, during the maize growing season from May to September, the temperature, precipitation and wind speed and other meteorological factors were basically the same among the stations, and the precipitation was mainly concentrated in July and August. The wind speed in Hohhot was relatively low. Comparing the probability of yield reduction in each city, Bayannaoer had less precipitation, the average yield reduction in the disaster year was relatively high, and it was affected by climate fluctuation more, but the city’s irrigation ratio was high, the variation coefficient of maize yield was the lowest and the yield stability was good. Hohhot had the highest average yield reduction during the disaster years and the highest yield variation coefficient of per unit area, large yield fluctuation, and poor yield stability. From the perspective of the collection and utilization of maize germplasm resources, improving the stress resistance of bred maize varieties are effective means to mitigate the loss caused by natural disasters and meteorological risks.