奶牛舍空气颗粒物危害、特性及其关键影响因素研究进展

近年来,随着国内外奶牛养殖规模化程度不断提高,奶牛舍颗粒物对动物、工作人员及周边地区的危害和污染逐渐得到重视。相较于其他畜禽舍,以自然通风方式为主的奶牛舍在规模化饲养过程中势必产生和排放更多的颗粒物,导致更大的环境风险。本文总结了国内外不同地区对于奶牛舍颗粒物的相关监测结果,在阐述了奶牛舍颗粒物对奶牛、工作人员、周边地区的影响的基础上,系统归纳了奶牛舍颗粒物的浓度和排放水平、颗粒物与臭气、微生物的耦合和扩散特征,分析了奶牛舍颗粒物特性的关键影响因素,并对奶牛场颗粒物的研究提出了展望,为系统开展规模化奶牛场颗粒物研究、制定颗粒物排放清单和环保政策奠定了理论基础。

Research Progress On Particulate Matter Harmful Effects and Its Characteristics from Dairy Barn

In recent decades,dairies in many countries have evolved to large-scale facilities,especially in China.Therefore,more attentions have been paid to particulate matter（PM）released from dairy barns since its adverse effect on animal production performance and efficiency,as well as the health and welfare of farming workers and neighbors.However,there were still lack of information about PM characteristics from dairy barns,which considerably limited further studies and formulation of environmental protection policies. Based on the limited field monitoring results in dairy farms from different countries or areas,PM hazards,concentration and emission,dispersion and its key influencing factors has been reviewed in this paper.The results showed that most of the data were acquired based on intermittent measurement,PM concentration,emission and its spatial and temporal distribution varied differently and even contradictorily,which could not reflect the real PM condition inside or outside the intensive dairy facilities.Moreover,many odorants and pathogenic microorganisms were found adsorbed on PM emitted from livestock facilities.The characteristics such as the interdependency between PM and odorants,microorganisms were still not clear.Further researches are needed focusing on multi-points,long term PM monitoring based on IoT (Internet of Things) technique,qualifying the PM contribution from daily management. The environmental risk caused by PM dispersion from dairy farm should be assessed using the dispersion model. Moreover,the interaction mechanisms between PM and the odorants,microorganisms adsorbed on PM from intensive dairy barns are expected to explore systematically.