播期对高蛋白大豆新品种(系)农艺性状、品质及产量的影响

为明确高蛋白大豆新品种(系)在黄淮海区的适宜播期,本研究以黄淮海地区高蛋白大豆新品种(系)圣豆18、圣豆24、菏豆37、菏豆38为试验材料,设置不同播期试验,研究不同播期对各大豆品种(系)生育期、农艺性状、干物质积累、籽粒品质及产量的影响。结果表明,播期推迟,出苗至始花期缩短幅度较大,大豆全生育期缩短;大豆株高、底荚高、主茎节数随播期推迟均逐渐降低;各大豆品种植株有效分枝、有效荚数、单株粒数、单株粒重、百粒重、根干重、茎干重、豆荚干重、植株总干重、籽粒蛋白质和脂肪含量以及产量均随着播期推迟呈先升后降的趋势,且随着播期推迟,豆荚干重变化幅度较大,根、茎干重所占比例均逐渐缩小,豆荚干重所占比例均逐渐增大;播期对籽粒蛋白质和脂肪含量、产量的影响均占主导地位;圣豆18、圣豆24、菏豆37、菏豆38均在6月15日播种时产量最高,分别为3 940.95、3 750.24、 3 252.37、3 905.54 kg·hm^-2,且单株粒重与产量相关性最大。综上可知,只有适期播种,大豆营养生长和生殖生长才能实现合理过渡,促使植株生长、干物质积累及分配等达到最佳状态,从而保证大豆优质高产,进而推动大豆及高蛋白大豆产业发展。

Effect of Sowing Date on Agronomic Characters,Quality and Yield of New High Protein Soybean Varieties (lines)

The high-protein soybean varieties (lines) Shengdou 18, Shengdou 24, Hedou 37 and Hedou 38 in Huang-Huai-Hai region were used as experimental materials, and the effects of different sowing dates on the growth period, agronomic traits, dry matter accumulation, grain quality and yield of soybean varieties were studied to determine the suitable sowing date of the high-protein sybean varieties(lines) in Huang-Huai-Hai region. The results showed that the whole growth period of soybean was shortened with the delay of sowing date, and the plant height, pod height and the number of main stem nodes decreased with the delay of sowing date. The effective branching and pod number, seed number and weight of per plant, 100-seed weight per plant, dry weight of root, stem, pod and total plant, seed protein and fat content, and yield all increased first and then decreased with the delay of sowing date. With the delay of sowing date, the dry weight of pod changed greater, and the proportion of dry weight of root and stem decreased, the proportion of dry weight of pod increased. The effect of sowing date on grain protein, fat content and yield was dominant The highest yields of Shengdou 18, Shengdou 24, Hedou 37 and Hedou 38 were 3 940.95, 3 750.24, 3 252.37 and 3 905.54 kg·hm^-2, respectively, when sowing on June 15, and the grain weight per plant was most closely related to the yield. From the above, the optimum sowing date can promote the reasonable transition of vegetative growth and reproductive growth, make the plant growth, dry matter accumulation and distribution reach the best state, and realize the high yield and quality of soybean, further promote the development of soybean and high-protein soybean industry.