中国南方稻作区不同规模农户土地集约利用行为的差异比较

认识不同规模农户土地集约利用行为的差异规律,正确引导规模农户走可持续集约用地的道路,对国家的粮食安全与生态建设具有重要意义。该文基于湖北省江汉平原地区4县(市)8乡(镇)16个村(组)480个农户家庭的调研数据,在划分规模农户类型的基础上,对小、中与大农户农地集约利用的目标、要素投入行为及其利用效率等方面的差异进行了对比分析。结果表明:1)农村"非农"与"非粮"农户增多,超过1/4的家庭不再从事粮食生产活动,现阶段小农户的数量还较多,但中、大农户已成为本区土地经营最重要的组织形式;2)不同规模农户土地集约经营的价值取向与集约偏好差异明显;3)大农户的劳动生产率、土地生产率与粮食商品率均比中、小农户高,大农户的发展处在土地规模经济阶段,但其农药与化肥等要素的投入出现过度集约问题,国家需要出台相关政策,引导大农户走土地资源可持续集约化的道路。

Difference comparison on land intensive use of different scale farmers in rice-growing areas in Southern China

In recent years, as China''s government has introduced a series of policies to promote land circulation and moderate-scale operation, scattered agricultural land is constantly concentrated, land management organization is rapidly changing, moderate scale management has become the key to China''s agricultural land use system innovation, and large farmers will become the main form of land use in China in the following period. Whether large farmers can develop healthily will determine the efficiency of land use in China, which will directly affect the country''s food security. It is particularly important to understand the changes of farmland management organization in time, grasp the problems in the process of development of large farmers and help the formation and development of farmer organizations with moderate scale. In this context, knowing the law of framers'' land intensive use and guiding farmers in the path of the sustainable intensive land utilization are of great significance to China''s food security and the ecological construction. Based on the survey data of 480 households in 16 villages from 8 different towns located at 4 different counties of Jianghan Plain in Hubei Province, China, this paper firstly divides the type of peasant households, and then studies the difference of land intensive utilization between the farmers of different scales. Results show that: The farmers with "non-agricultural land use" and "non-food production" in rural areas are increased, and more than a quarter of families are no longer engaged in food production. At present, the number of small farmers is larger than that of middle and large farmers, but the number of land owned by large and medium-sized farmers has accounted for more than 80% of the total arable land. The middle and large farmers have become the most important form of land use in this area. The target and the behavioral preference of land intensive utilization for different scale farmers are significantly different. Food production of small scale farmers is mostly targeted at "household use", and the characteristics of "marketization" of food production of medium and large farmers are clearer. The intensities of agricultural land use for farmers of different sizes are different, and the intensities of large scale farmers are higher, but they are similar in terms of intensive factor input structure. In terms of the input of labor factors, small scale farmers attach importance to "labor quantity" while large farmers attach importance to "labor quality". The input mode of peasant household agricultural machinery elements is mainly to buy agricultural machinery services. There is no significant difference among farmers of different sizes in the input of fertilizer. But in terms of the input of pesticide elements, the larger the scale of land management operated by farmers, the greater the amount of pesticides invested. The labor productivity, land productivity and grain commodity rate of large scale households are higher than that of middle and small scale households. The land use scale of large farmers is in the stage of economies of scale. However, the inputs of agricultural pesticides and fertilizers in land use are excessively intensive, so it will lead to some problems such as environmental pollution and degradation of food production quality, even threat of food security. It is necessary for our government to formulate relevant policy to guide large farmers to take the path of sustainable intensification in land use.