葡萄酒生产废弃物与剩余污泥厌氧共消化研究进展

厌氧消化技术被广泛应用于多种行业废弃物的处置。然而，葡萄酒生产废弃物浓度高、pH值低以及季节性变化的特性容易造成负荷冲击，导致反应器微生物流失、运行不稳定。同时，剩余污泥组分复杂、水解率低导致产气效率低。厌氧共消化具有均衡营养素、减缓抑制效应、丰富菌群多样性和提高甲烷产量等优势，也逐渐成为一种重要的葡萄酒生产废弃物与剩余污泥的处置方式。尽管已有二者在不同运行策略下共消化性能的研究，但仍未有报道阐明其共消化的影响因素以及基于葡萄酒生产废弃物特性建立直接种间电子传递的研究进展。因此，该文介绍了葡萄酒生产废水与剩余污泥、葡萄酒生产固体废弃物与剩余污泥的共消化进展，并分别归纳了2种体系中影响消化效能的主要因子；随后总结了共消化体系中基于乙醇建立的直接种间电子传递的研究进展；最后，围绕以上内容展望了共消化技术在葡萄酒生产废弃物与剩余污泥协同处理的前景。

Research progress of anaerobic co-digestion of winery waste and residue activated sludge

Abstract: Anaerobic digestion has been widely used in the disposal of various industrial wastes. However, the load shock and microbial loss have been caused by the high chemical oxygen demand (COD) content, low pH, and seasonal production of winery waste. Meanwhile, the low methane production efficiency cannot fully meet the requirements, particularly for the complex components and low hydrolysis rate of the waste activated sludge. Anaerobic co-digestion (AcoD) can be expected to serve a pivotal disposal way for the winery waste and waste activated sludge, due to the balance nutrients, loss inhibitory effects, high microbial synergy, and methane production. A systematic review was made on the research progress in the AcoD process of the wine wastewater and waste activated sludge. Two systems were selected as the wine wastewater and waste activated sludge, as well as the wine solid waste and waste activated sludge. The main factors of two systems were summarized in the AcoD performance. The wine wastewater was mainly from the processes, such as pressing, pouring, filtering, and cleaning. At the same time, there were also the high COD content, low carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio, high generation, and seasonal production. Thus, the optimal mixing ratio was performed to determine the suitable contents of nutrients and C/N ratio. An investigation was also made on the impact of the short-term, large-scale high-concentrations wastewater in the AcoD system during the picking seasons (9~11). Three types of substances were consists of the unfermented juice residues (stems) sediments after fermentation (waste yeast), and filters (diatomaceous earth) in the wine lees, which was the main solid waste in the winery production process. Wine lees were characterized by the low pH, low C/N ratio, high total solids, as well as the high-concentrations of K+ and polyphenols. Generally, the hydrolysis was considered as the rate-limiting step for the WAS in the AcoD process. The approach was applied to raise the temperature for the better hydrolysis and solubilization of organic components. The impact of multiple toxic substances were investigated in the AcoD system. The accumulated antibiotics and heavy metals were considered as the negative for the microbes. Secondly, a summary was made on the ethanol-based direct interspecies electron transfer in the AcoD. The extracellular electron transfer system (EET) was involved two main types of mechanisms: the mediated interspecies electron transfer (MIET) and direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) in the anaerobic digestion. Compared with the MIET, the DIET was considered to be a more efficient electron transfer pathway through the cell components (e-pili or cytochrome OmcS) without relying on the electron carriers. Although the DIET between the bacteria and methanogens was difficult to establish in the conventional anaerobic digestion system, the establishment of DIET can be promoted by adding ethanol or cooperating with the carbon-based materials. Ethanol was set as the substrate in the AcoD system functions, as the precursor to stimulate DIET by enriching the electroactive microbes for the co-digesting complex organic wastes. Therefore, the ethanol was widely applied as the electron donor in the presence of carbon-based materials to induce the DIET. The carbon-based materials presented the high conductivity to promote the DIET, in order to accelerate the substrates degradation for the less enrichment time of functional microbes. Ultimately, the omics technologies were used as the community-substrate metabolic coupling of the AcoD system. The finding can provide a strong reference to clarify the methanogenesis metabolic pathway for the co-digestion models, in order to characterize the metabolic kinetics in the AcoD process.