价格与替代效应对农业生产中化肥施用的影响——以玉米和圆白菜为例

为研究中国玉米和圆白菜生产中化肥投入的需求价格弹性,化肥和劳动的替代弹性以及化肥和机械的替代弹性,在理论分析的基础之上,通过构造超越对数成本函数和影子替代弹性,利用2004—2016年中国主要玉米和圆白菜产区的化肥及其他要素投入与价格数据,采用似不相关回归方法进行了实证分析。结果表明:化肥价格、劳动价格和机械价格等各类价格变量对玉米生产中的化肥投入量具有显著影响,化肥价格变量对圆白菜生产中的化肥投入量影响显著。玉米和圆白菜生产中化肥投入的需求价格弹性均较低且将长期处于低弹性区间,圆白菜的化肥需求价格弹性整体高于玉米。玉米生产中的化肥与劳动投入存在互补关系,圆白菜生产中的化肥与劳动投入存在替代关系。玉米生产中的化肥投入和机械投入存在较强的替代关系,而圆白菜生产中的化肥投入和机械投入存在互补关系。

Effect of price and substitution on fertilizer use in agricultural production: An empirical analysis of corn and cabbage

In order to investigate the fertilizer''s demand price elasticity in China''s corn and cabbage production, the elasticity of substitution between fertilizer and labor, between fertilizer and machinery, translog cost function model and equations of shadow elasticity of substitution based on theoretical analysis were constructed by using the factor input and price data of corn and cabbage from 2004-2016. The results showed that: Various price variables such as fertilizer price, labor price and machinery price had significant effect on the amount of fertilizer input in corn production. Fertilizer price variable had significant effect on fertilizer input in cabbage production. The fertilizer''s elasticity of demand of both corn and cabbage was in a low elasticity range, the fertilizer''s elasticity of demand of cabbage was higher than that of corn. Currently, there were compensation relationship between fertilizer and labor input in China''s corn production and an alternative relationship between fertilizer and labor input in cabbage production. There were strong alternative relationship between fertilizer and labor in corn production and compensation relationship between fertilizer and labor of cabbage.