乾隆八旬万寿庆典与清代宫廷茶文化——以朝鲜徐浩修《燕行纪》为中心

乾隆八旬万寿庆典是清代鼎盛时期所举办的规模最为宏大的宫廷庆祝活动,展现了宫廷茶文化最为繁荣的景象,可惜清代官方的档案对其时茶文化的状况记载甚是不足。当时众多藩属国派遣使团前来朝贺,其中“朝鲜使行录”文献中的徐浩修《燕行纪》,比较详细地记载了清代宫廷中有关茶文化的所见所闻。笔者以该文献为主要研究资料,辅以中国方面的相关资料,分析了乾隆八旬万寿盛典期间的茶事活动及其效用,如重华宫茶宴联句、君臣茶礼、乾隆茶叶及茶具赏赐以及接待用茶等;然后截取《燕行纪》32处与茶叶相关的内容,进一步分析和整理,根据其中出现的茶叶种类和茶具类型,深入探讨和了解当时的茶文化。概言之,在11天宴会中,茶事出现的茶叶和茶具分为:骆茶(即乳茶)、清茶、普洱茶、香茶、茶膏;茶罐(即茶壶)、金盖白玉盖碗、琥珀茶盘、象牙茶盘等。

On Qianlong’s Wanshou Celebration and Tea Culture in Qing Dynasty Palace:Taking Korean Envoy Seo-Hosoo’s Yanxingji as an Example

The celebration of Qianlong’s 80th birthday was the grandest palace celebration held in the heyday of the Qing Dynasty,which showed the most prosperous tea culture in the court.However,there were insufficient records of the tea culture in the Qing Dynasty.At that time,many vassal states sent diplomatic missions to Qing Dynasty,and Seo-Hosoo’s Yanxingji(Journey to Yanjing)in documents of Korean diplomatic missions recorded what they saw and heard about the tea culture in the Qing court in details.With this document as the main research material,supplemented by relevant Chinese materials,this paper analyzes the tea events and their effects during the grand celebration of Qianlong’s 80th birthday,such as the tea couplets in tea banquets held in the Chonghua Palace,tea ceremonies between emperor and minister,tea and tea sets rewarded by Qianlong,and the tea for reception,etc.Then,this paper further analyzes and collates 32 tea-related contents intercepted from Yanxingji(Journey to Yanjing),and explores and understands the tea culture according to the types of tea and tea sets in it.As a result,the tea and tea sets appeared in the 11-day banquet include:Luocha(milk tea),Qingcha,Pu’er tea,scented tea,tea paste,tea pot(teapot),white jade cup with gold cap,amber tea tray,ivory tea tray,etc.