Serological survey of Toxoplasma gondii in captive nonhuman primates in zoos in Spain |
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| Institution: | 1. Animal Health Department, University of Cordoba – Agrifood Excellence International Campus (ceiA3), Cordoba, Spain;2. FDA, CFSAN, OARSA, DVA, Laurel, MD, United States;3. Infectious Diseases Unit and Clinical Virology and Zoonoses Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research, Reina Sofia Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain;4. Health & Biotechnology (SaBio) Group, Spanish Wildlife Research Institute (IREC, CSIC-UCLM-JCCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain;5. Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States;1. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain;2. Interlab-UMU, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain;3. Departament de Medicina i Cirugia Animals, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain;1. Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil;2. Laboratório de Bacteriologia Veterinária, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;1. UNL, Biotechnological Development Laboratory, FBCB, Edificio FBCB-Ciudad Universitaria UNL, C.C. 242. (S3000ZAA), Santa Fe, Argentina;2. UNL, CONICET, Cell Culture Laboratory, FBCB, Edificio FBCB-Ciudad Universitaria UNL, C.C. 242. (S3000ZAA), Santa Fe, Argentina;3. Cellargen Biotech S.R.L. Antonia Godoy 6369, C.C. 242. (S3000ZAA), Santa Fe, Argentina;1. School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China;2. National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China;3. Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Public Health, China;4. WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200025, China;1. Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto – FAMERP, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil;2. Ophthalmology Outpatient Clinic, Fundação Faculdade Regional de Medicina – Hospital de Base – FUNFARME, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil;3. Department of Parasitology, Instituto Adolfo Lutz - São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil;4. FAMERP Toxoplasma Research Group, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil;5. IAL Toxoplasma Research Group, São Paulo, Brazil;6. Rubens Siqueira Research Center, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil;1. Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), 30100 Murcia, Spain;2. Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;3. Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;4. Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;5. Laboratorio de Parasitologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;6. Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain |
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| Abstract: | Toxoplasma gondii is a widely distributed zoonotic protozoan parasite, which can affect most warm-blooded species. Some species of non-human primates (NHPs) are highly susceptible to T. gondii infection. The aim of the study was to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with T. gondii infection in NHPs housed in zoos in Spain. Sera from 189 NHPs belonging to 33 species were collected in eight zoos. Additionally, 10 of the 189 animals were longitudinally sampled. Anti-T. gondii antibodies were detected in 48 NHPs (25.4%; confidence interval of 95% (CI95%): 19.2–31.6) using a modified agglutination test (MAT; cut-off = 25). Seropositive animals had titers of 25 (6.3%), 50 (8.3%), 100 (8.3%) and ≥500 (68.8%). Seropositivity was detected in 15 of the 33 species (45.5%). Of the 10 NHPs sampled more than once, two animals (one Barbary macaque Macaca sylvanus] and one common chimpanzee Pan toglodytes]) seroconverted along the study period, while one seropositive chimpanzee increased antibody titers over time. The Hominidae family (OR = 5.9; CI95%: 2.7–12.8) and sex (females) (OR = 2.1; CI95%: 1.1–4.1) were risk factors potentially associated with seropositivity to T. gondii. Our results evince a widespread circulation of T. gondii in NHPs in zoos in Spain, which may be of conservation concern. Control measures should be implemented to minimize the risk of exposure of these species to T. gondii. |
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| Keywords: | Zoo Primates Conservation Seroprevalence Risk factors |
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