Conservation strategies for forest gene resources |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, viale Mario Bracci n.16, 53100 Siena, Italy;2. Institute of Pharmacology, Catholic University Medical School, Rome, Italy;3. Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, c.so Svizzera 164, 10149 Torino, Italy;4. I.N.M.I. Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome, Italy;5. Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy;6. IRCCS S. Matteo Hospital, Pavia, Italy;7. Microbiology, Immunology and Virology Unit, IRCCS CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, via Gallini n.2, Aviano, 33081 PN, Italy;8. Hygiene Unit, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy;9. Ospedali Riuniti di Foggia, viale Luigi Pinto, 71100 Foggia, Italy;10. Ospedale Civile Spirito Santo di Pescara, Pescara, Italy;11. ViiV Healthcare s.r.l, via Fleming 2, 37135 Verona, Italy;1. Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden;2. IFM Biology, Conservation Ecology Group, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden;1. US Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 4700 Old Kingston Pike, Knoxville, TN 37919, United States;2. US Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Clemson, SC, United States;3. Department of Forestry, University of Kentucky, 214 T.P. Cooper Building, Lexington, KY 40506, United States;1. Institute of Environmental Protection and Engineering, University of Bielsko-Biala, ul. Willowa 2, 43-309 Bielsko-Biała, Poland;2. Department of Geobotany and Plant Ecology, University of Lodz, ul. Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland;1. Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA;2. Palm Beach Veterinary Specialists, West Palm Beach, FL, USA |
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| Abstract: | Gene conservation has three facets: (1) the maintenance of diversity in production plantations to buffer against vulnerability to pests and climatic extremes; (2) the preservation of genes for their future value in breeding; (3) the protection of species to promote ecosystem stability.Maintaining diversity as a hedge against damaging agents is a simple strategy in theory. In practice, economic forces tend to favor genetic monocultures to maximize short-term gain.Genes are the raw material from which new strains will be constructed, but only if they are preserved. Gene resources can be preserved in situ in reserves or special management areas or ex situ in seed banks or arboreta. Because timber harvest and gene conservation are compatible, in situ preservation can be quite inexpensive. However, viable reserves depend on the maintenance of adapted gene complexes, not just the preservation of genes. Ex situ preservation is a prudent back-up system. Studies of genetic architecture are necessary to optimize the sampling strategy for ex situ preservation or the size and location of reserves for in situ preservation.Extinction results in the loss of genes, but even more important, it has the potential to undermine entire ecosystems. Even rare species may serve as keystones, upon which entire, coevolved systems may depend.The technical aspects of gene conservation are relatively simple, compared to the socio-economic aspects. The real problem for gene conservation is the competition for land and economic resources, and the solutions are social and political. |
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