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Environmentally friendly methods for controlling pine pitch canker |
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| Authors: | J. Martín-García R. Zas A. Solla S. Woodward J. Hantula E. J. Vainio M. Mullett C. Morales-Rodríguez A. Vannini P. Martínez-Álvarez G. Pinto A. Alves J. Amaral M. J. Wingfield G. Fourie E. T. Steenkamp R. Ahumada B. Šerá A. V. Sanz-Ros R. Raposo M. Elvira-Recuenco E. Iturritxa T. R. Gordon J. J. Diez |
| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Biology, CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), University of Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;2. Misión Biológica de Galicia, MBG-CSIC, Apartado 28, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain;3. Institute for Dehesa Research (INDEHESA), Ingeniería Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida Virgen del Puerto 2, 10600 Plasencia, Spain;4. School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK;5. Forest Health and Biodiversity, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland;6. Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, UK Phytophthora Research Centre, Mendel University, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic;7. Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), Agriculture and Forestry Campus, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy;8. Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid—INIA, Avenida de Madrid 44, 34071 Palencia, Spain Department of Plant Production and Forest Resources, University of Valladolid, Avenida de Madrid 44, 34071 Palencia, Spain;9. Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002 South Africa;10. Bioforest S.A., Concepcion, Chile;11. Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Landscape Ecology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, Bratislava, 842 48 Slovak Republic;12. Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid—INIA, Avenida de Madrid 44, 34071 Palencia, Spain Calabazanos Forest Health Center, Junta de Castilla y León, Polígono Industrial de Villamuriel S/N, 34190 Villamuriel de Cerrato, Palencia, Spain;13. Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid—INIA, Avenida de Madrid 44, 34071 Palencia, Spain INIA-CIFOR, Ctra. La Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain;14. INIA-CIFOR, Ctra. La Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain;15. Forestry Science, Neiker Tecnalia, Apartado 46, 01080 Vitoria Gasteiz, Spain;16. Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA |
| Abstract: | Fusarium circinatum is a highly virulent invasive pathogen that causes the disease commonly known as pine pitch canker (PPC). On mature trees, the most common symptoms of PPC include resin bleeding, resinous cankers, wilting of needles and dieback. In nurseries the main symptoms are yellowish needles, and wilting of foliage and shoots. PPC is considered one of the most important diseases of conifers globally and at least 60 species of Pinus along with Pseudotsuga menziesii are known to be susceptible. Quarantine regulations are crucial to minimize the risk of new introductions into disease-free countries. However, if these measures fail, implementation of environmentally friendly control methods is currently encouraged in an integrated management approach that minimizes the use of chemicals in forests. This review therefore summarizes current knowledge of biological control using endophytic fungi, bacteria and viruses, and other environmentally friendly methods to control PPC, including thermotherapy, natural products with fungicidal effects, promoters of innate host resistance mechanisms and breeding for resistance. Key research gaps to be addressed for improvement of effective management of this disease are discussed. |
| Keywords: | endophytes Fusarium circinatum genetic resistance natural compounds thermotherapy viruses |