Necromass in undisturbed and logged forests in the Brazilian Amazon |
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| Institution: | 1. Complex Systems Research Center, Morse Hall, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA;2. International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Service, Rio Piedras, PR 00928-5000, USA;3. Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;4. EMBRAPA Amazônia Oriental, PO Box 48, 66095-100 Belém, Pará, Brazil;5. UFMT, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso, Av Fernando Correa da Costa sn, Cuiabá MT 78060-900, Brazil;1. Finnish Forest Research Institute, Vantaa Research Unit, P.O. Box 18, FIN-01301 Vantaa, Finland;2. Saint-Petersburg State Forest Technical University, 194021 Institutsky str. 5, Saint-Petersburg, Russia;1. Community and Conservation Ecology Group, Centre for Evolutionary and Ecological Studies, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 11103, Nijenborg 7, 9700 CC Groningen, The Netherlands;2. Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Waszkiewicza 1, 17-230 Bia?owie?a, Poland;1. School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;2. Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), Iquitos, Peru;3. Foro de Etnobiología, Lima, Peru;4. Herbario Vargas, Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru;5. Proyecto Flora del Perú, Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Oxapampa, Peru;1. Department of Plant Biology, University Minnesota, Twin Cities, United States;2. Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, United States;3. Department of Biology, Villanova University, United States;4. Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China;5. Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, United States;1. Yunnan Academy of Biodiversity, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, PR China;2. Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada;3. Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, 666303, PR China;4. National Forest Ecosystem Research Station at Ailao Mountains, Jingdong, 676200, PR China |
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| Abstract: | Necromass is an important stock of carbon in tropical forests. We estimated volume, density, and mass of fallen and standing necromass in undisturbed and selectively logged forests at Juruena, Mato Grosso, Brazil (10.48°S, 58.47°W). We also measured standing dead trees at the Tapajos National Forest, Para, Brazil (3.08°S, 54.94°W) complementing our earlier study there on fallen necromass. We compared forest that was selectively logged using reduced-impact logging methods and undisturbed forest. We estimated necromass density accounting for void volume for necromass greater than 10 cm diameter at Juruena for five decay classes that ranged from freshly fallen (class 1) to highly decayed material (class 5). Average necromass density adjusted for void space (±S.E.) was 0.71 (0.02), 0.69 (0.04), 0.60 (0.04), 0.59 (0.06), and 0.33 (0.05) Mg m?3 for classes 1 through 5, respectively. Small (2–5 cm) and medium (5–10 cm) size classes had densities of 0.52 (0.02) and 0.50 (0.04) Mg m?3, respectively. The average dry mass (±S.E.) of fallen necromass at Juruena was 44.9 (0.2) and 67.0 (10.1) Mg ha?1 for duplicate undisturbed and reduced impact logging sites, respectively. Small and medium sized material together accounted for 12–21% of the total fallen necromass at Juruena. At Juruena, the average mass of standing dead was 5.3 (1.0) Mg ha?1 for undisturbed forest and 8.8 (2.3) Mg ha?1 for forest logged with reduced impact methods. At Tapajos, standing dead average mass was 7.7 (2.0) Mg ha?1 for undisturbed forest and 12.9 (4.6) Mg ha?1 for logged forest. The proportion of standing dead to total fallen necromass was 12–17%. Even with reduced impact harvest management, logged forests had approximately 50% more total necromass than undisturbed forests. |
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