城乡复合生态系统土壤微生物群落特征及功能差异

土壤微生物在陆地生态系统多个过程中发挥着重要作用，而城市化过程使得城市及其周边地区土地利用发生剧烈变化，形成了异质性环境梯度，直接或间接地影响了土壤微生物群落的组成和功能，进而影响了其承载的生态系统服务。本文综述了城乡复合生态系统不同景观单元土壤微生物群落的组成特征、主要影响因素及其功能差异，发现城市化对土地利用的改变驱动了土壤微生物群落的组成、结构和功能差异，土地利用、土壤污染物、植被覆盖、土壤性质等因素共同影响土壤微生物群落，并且在不同景观中影响土壤微生物的主导因素有所不同。进一步探讨了土壤微生物的生态服务功能，并分析了不同景观中土壤微生物功能存在的差异性。今后需进一步解析社会—经济—自然复合生态系统格局特征对土壤微生物的影响，揭示城乡复合生态系统不同功能区土壤微生物对土壤生态服务的产生和维持机制，明确变化环境下土壤微生物对土壤安全和人类健康的维持机制，以提升土壤生态服务功能、维护城乡土壤安全和人居环境健康。

Community Characteristic and Functional Variability of Soil Microbes in Urban-rural Complex Ecosystem

Soil microbes play an important role in a number of processes of the terrestrial ecosystem. Rapid urbanization brings about drastic changes in land use in urban and rural areas, thus forming a heterogenous environmental gradient, and directly and/or indirectly affecting compositions and functions of soil microbial communities and further on their ecosystem services. In the present review, composition characteristics of the soil microbial community varying with the landscape unit in the complex ecosystem and their main affecting factors, and functional variation of the soil microbial community along an urbanization gradient were summarized. An environmental gradient from urban to rural areas was found as a result of rapid urbanization causing variation of composition and functions of the soil microbial community. Land use, soil pollutants, vegetation cover, soil properties and some others were the main environmental factors jointly affecting soil microbial communities. However, the leading factors affecting soil microbial communities vary with the landscape. Then ecological service functions of soil microbes were discussed and their variation with the landscape analyzed. It is, therefore, essential to analyze further in detail effects of the social-economic-natural complex ecosystem, varying in characteristic and pattern, on soil microbial communities, to explore mechanisms of the generation and maintenance of ecological services that soil microbes in different functional zones of urban-rural complex ecosystem render to the soil, and to specify mechanism of soil microbes maintaining soil safety and human health in a varying environment, so as to improve ecological service functions of the soil and maintain urban and rural soil safety and health of the living environment.