干旱区山地生态格局与可持续发展

我国干旱区以山地-绿洲-荒漠组成的独立的内陆自然体系为重要特征。在这个体系中,山地为绿洲区提供了几乎所有的水资源;山地是干旱区最主要的林业及牧业基地;山地是干旱区绝大部分矿产、旅游资源所在地;山地是干旱区生物多样性、文化多样性集中地。没有山区的生态稳定,就没有干旱区的可持续发展。但是,多年来干旱区山地遭受森林破坏、草地退化、污染等影响,正侵蚀着干旱区可持续发展的根基。特别是干旱区在研究和政策上,重绿洲轻山地,使山区没有受到应有的重视。本文概括出干旱区山地的四种生态格局：基本格局、草原-草甸优势格局、草原-荒漠优势格局及内部湿地中心格局。简要论述了干旱区山地森林稀有资源管理的“奥依塔克模式”、山地保护与发展相协调的“巴音布鲁克模式”、中国西部山地发展的一般模式,并首次提出了中山带发展战略,使干旱区形成绿洲-中山立体双带发展模式。

Ecological Patterns and Sustainable Development in the Mountainous Regions in Arid Areas

Arid areas in China are mainly characterized by the independent inland natural systems composed of alpine regions,oases and deserts.In these systems,mountains serve the main water resources for the downstream oases,are the dominant bases of forestry and animal husbandry,the regions of mineral and tourist resources,and the hotspots of biodiversity and cultural diversity in arid areas.Sustainable development could not be attained in arid regions if there are no the stable mountain ecosystems.However,these mountains have suffered from the severe deforestation,grasslands degeneration and environmental pollution since recent years,and the foundation of sustainable development in arid areas is seriously threatened.More emphases were paid to oases instead of mountainous regions in the traditional studies and policies.Aiming at the ecological degeneration in the mountainous regions in arid areas,some development modes including the strategies of regenerating mountainous ecology and regulating industrial structure are put forward,for example,the emphases of commercial forests and animal husbandry are shifted from mountainous regions to basins,and some pastoral areas are moved from natural steppes to artificial grasslands so as to reduce the ecological pressure of mountainous forests,steppes and meadows.In this paper,4 ecological patterns in the mountainous regions in arid areas are generalized,i.e.,the basic pattern,steppe-meadow dominant pattern,steppe-desert dominant pattern and internal-wetland central pattern.Some development modes,such as the "Oytag mode","Bayanbuluk mode" and general mode for the development in mountainous regions in west China,are discussed,and a mid-mountain development strategy is put forward so as to form a development mode in both oases and mid-mountain zones in arid areas of China.