农田氮肥的动态变化及施氮对小麦产量与品质影响的研究进展

施用氮肥是农业生产中最重要的增产措施之一。氮肥的利用率与施氮量密切相关，氮肥的利用率随施氮量的增加显著下降，而其损失率和土壤的残留率却呈上升的趋势。土壤中的氮素绝大部分以土壤无机氮的形式存在，包括土壤NO^-3-N和NH^＋4-N两部分，以土壤NO^-3-N为主，而NH^＋4-N的含量非常少且变化不大。其主要有三种去向：被当季作物吸收、在土壤中以有机或无机形式残留、通过各种途径损失。氮素不仅是小麦产量形成的主要营养元素，也是小麦籽粒蛋白质合成所必需的元素。

Research Progress on Dynamic Changes of Nitrogen Fertilizer in Farmland and Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on Wheat Yield and Quality

Application of nitrogen fertilizer is one of the most important measures to increase production.The nitrogen use efficiency is closely related to nitrogen application rate,which decreased significantly with the increasing of nitrogen application rate,while the loss rate and soil residue rate showed upward trend.Most nitrogen was in the form of inorganic nitrogen in soil,including NO-3-N and NH+4-N,and the NO-3-N occupied the most part,while NH+4-N was very little and changed little.The three main types of their whereabouts were absorbed by seasonal crops,residued in the soil in the organic and inorganic form,and lost through various ways.Nitrogen is not only the main nutrient elements for yield formation,but also the necessary element for protein synthesis of wheat.