微波辐照对蚕豆种子萌发、花粉发育及农艺性状的影响

[目的]分析微波辐照对蚕豆种子萌发、花粉发育及农艺性状的影响,明确微波辐照对植物的辐射效应,为微波辅助作物育种提供理论参考.[方法]分别以0(对照,CK)、5、10、15、20、25和30 s微波炉辐照处理蚕豆干种子,分析不同微波辐照时间对蚕豆的种子萌发、花粉发育及农艺性状的影响.[结果]微波辐照处理的蚕豆种子发芽势和发芽率均随着辐照时间的延长呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,说明适当的微波辐照能促进种子萌发.微波辐照处理的蚕豆花粉母细胞在减数分裂Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期均能观察到6种类型的染色体畸变,且随着辐照时间的延长,染色体畸变类型增多,染色体总畸变率升高,表明辐照时间和染色体畸变呈显著正相关(r=0.8432)(P<0.05,下同).微波辐照的蚕豆花粉可育率随着辐照时间的延长呈逐渐下降趋势,表明微波辐照阻碍花粉正常发育,微波辐照时间与花粉可育率呈显著负相关(r=-0.9066).微波辐照5、10和15 s的蚕豆株高、节数、叶面积和单株叶片数目与CK均无显著差异(P>0.05);微波辐照20 s的蚕豆株高和单株叶片数目均显著高于CK;微波辐照25 s的蚕豆株高显著高于CK,叶面积显著低于CK;微波辐照30 s的蚕豆叶面积极显著低于CK,单株叶片数目显著低于CK.即微波辐照20 s能促进蚕豆植株长高,增加单株叶片数,但辐照时间进一步延长,株高、叶面积和单株叶片数又逐渐降低.[结论]微波辐照是一种有效的选育手段,适当微波辐照能提高蚕豆种子的萌发率,改善蚕豆的农艺性状.但微波辐照能诱发蚕豆花粉母细胞在减数分裂过程中发生染色体畸变,导致花粉败育.

Effects of microwave irradiation on seed germination,pollen development and agronomic traits of Vicia faba

[Objective]Effects of microwave irradiation on seed germination,pollen development and agronomic traits of Vicia faba were analyzed,and radiation effects of microwave irradiation on plants were studied,in order to pro-vide theoretical reference for the microwave assisted crop breeding.[Method]Dry seeds of V. faba were treated respective-ly by microwave irradiation for 0(control,CK),5,10,15,20,25 and 30 s,and the effects of microwave irradiation on seed germination,pollen development and agronomic traits were analyzed respectively.[Result]The germination poten-tial and germination rate of V. faba seeds treated by microwave irradiation increased first and then decreased with the ex-tension of irradiation time,indicating that proper microwave irradiation could promote seed germination. Six types of chromosome aberrations were observed in meiosis phase I and II on microwave irradiated pollen mother cells of V. faba, and with the extension of irradiation time,the type of chromosomal aberrations increased,total chromosome aberration rate rose,which showed that the irradiation time and chromosome aberration were positively correlated(r=0.8432)(P<0.05, the same below). The pollen fertility rate decreased as the irradiation time increased gradually,which showed that micro-wave irradiation hindered the normal development of pollen,and there was a significant negative correlation between microwave irradiation time and the pollen fertility rate(r=-0.9066). There was no significant difference in plant height, pitch number,leaf area and leaf number per plant between V. faba irradiated for 5,10 and 15 s and CK. The plant height and leaf number per plant of V. faba irradiated for 20 s were significantly higher than those of CK. Plant height of V. faba irradiated for 25 s was significantly higher than that of CK,but the leaf area was significantly lower than that of CK. Leaf area and the leaf number per plant of V. faba irradiated for 30 s were significantly lower than those of CK. All the above re-sults showed that microwave irradiation for 20 s could increase plant height,and leaf number per plant,but plant height, leaf area and leaf number per plant were gradually decreased as the irradiation time increased.[Conclusion]Microwave ra-diation is an effective breeding method,and adequate doses of microwave irradiation can promote seed germination and improve agronomic traits of V. faba.