川西北高原农业面源污染分析与防控技术对策——以阿坝藏族羌族自治州为例

川西北高原区是四川省重要的生态功能区,生态系统先天脆弱。为提升川西北高原农业面源污染防控水平,本研究以阿坝藏族羌族自治州为例,结合实地调研情况,分析阿坝州农田种植、畜禽养殖、农村人居环境等农业农村污染情况。结果表明：（1）农田种植污染源中,南部农业县玉米等作物存在偏施氮肥和施用过量等情况,农药主要集中在南部农业县,以杀虫剂和除草剂为主;中南部玉米等作物种植区较为依赖地膜,存在残留污染风险。（2）畜禽养殖污染源中,中南部农业县养殖比较集中,专业养殖户的畜禽粪便污染风险较大。若尔盖和红原等牧区县局部区域内有过度放牧、土壤沙化和草场退化等问题。（3）农村人居环境中,部分区域农村垃圾、污水收集与处理设施、农村厕所配套设施不足。最后本研究针对阿坝州农业面源污染存在的问题,提出了针对性的污染防控技术,以期为川西北高原区农业面源污染防控提供参考。

Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution Analysis and Prevention and Control Technologies in Northwest Sichuan Plateau -- A Case Study on Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture

The Northwest Sichuan Plateau is an important ecological function area in Sichuan Province, and its ecosystem is inherently fragile. To improve the prevention and control level of agricultural non-point source pollution of the plateau, this study took Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture as an example and carried out field investigations, to analyze the agricultural and rural pollution sources, including farmland planting, livestock and poultry breeding, and rural human settlements. The results show that: (1) some agricultural counties in the south of the prefecture have problems of irrational and excessive application of nitrogen fertilizers, insecticides and herbicides; meanwhile, the central and southern counties rely heavily on plastic film, which poses a potential risk of film residue pollution; (2) the livestock and poultry farms are mainly distributed in the central and southern counties, and the pollution risk of professional livestock and poultry breeding farms is relatively high; in the pastoral counties, such as Ruoergai and Hongyuan, the problems of overgrazing, soil desertification and pasture degradation are observed; (3) in some rural settlements, garbage and sewage collection and treatment facilities and rural toilet facilities are insufficient. Finally, the study puts forward corresponding prevention technologies for the existing problems, to provide reference for agricultural non-point pollution prevention and control in the Northwest Sichuan Plateau.