Development of resistance to insecticides in the invasive mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Pakistan |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Entomology Section, Central Cotton Research Institute, Multan, Pakistan;2. Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan;3. Department of Entomology, University College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan;1. College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;2. Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China;3. Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, China;4. Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510260, China;1. Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Agricultural Science and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Iran;2. Date Palm and Tropical Fruits Research Center, Horticultural Science Research Institute Agricultural Research, Education and Organization (AREEO), Ahvaz, Iran;1. National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Malegaon, Baramati, Pune 413 115, Maharashtra, India;2. International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology, PO Box 30772 00100, Nairobi, Kenya |
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| Abstract: | The mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis has been a serious pest of cotton, vegetables, ornamentals and other plants since its invasion into Pakistan in 2005. Its susceptibility to commonly-used insecticides was monitored during 2005–2013 by a nymphal dip bioassay. Initially, P. solenopsis was found susceptible to a range of insecticide classes. Lethal concentration values were particularly low for organophosphates and pyrethroids. After a year of its exposure to insecticides, P. solenopsis developed moderate to high levels of resistance to pyrethroids. After two years, resistance to organophosphates methidathion and chlorpyrifos also rose to moderate to high levels. After five years of use, resistance to pyrethroids, organophosphates, neonicotinoids, endosulfan, carbosulfan, and thiocyclam was generally high to very high. Acetamiprid resistance was slow to develop, as it reached moderate level of resistance after seven years of its extensive applications. Insecticide resistance in P. solenopsis could have been managed in Pakistan if the effective and diverse insecticides were used in rotation, along with other integrated pest management tactics, at the initial stages of resistance development. |
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| Keywords: | Insecticide resistance Organophosphates Pyrethroids Neonicotinoids Pakistan |
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