Weed management challenges in rice (Oryza sativa L.) for food security in Bhutan: A review |
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Affiliation: | 1. Agriculture Research and Development Sub Centre, Tsirang, Department of Agriculture (DoA), Ministry of Agriculture and Forests (MoAF), Bhutan;2. School of Environmental and Rural Science, The University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia;3. Agriculture Research and Development Centre, Bajo, DoA, MoAF, Bhutan;4. The Centre for Plant Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Gatton/Toowoomba, Queensland 4343/4350, Australia;1. ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil Science, Nabibagh, Berasia Road, Bhopal 462038, Madhya Pradesh, India;2. ICRISAT Development Center (IDC) & International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics, Building #303, ICRISAT, Patancheru 502324, India;3. The Centre for Plant Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Gatton/Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia;1. Dept. of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701, AR, USA;2. International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, NASC complex, New Delhi 110012, India;3. Dept. of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;4. Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Toowoomba 4350, Australia;1. Department of Agronomy, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Punjab, Pakistan;2. The Centre for Plant Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, 4350, Australia;3. Department of Agronomy, University College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Punjab, Pakistan;4. Department of Weed Science, University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan;1. Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Toowoomba 4350, Queensland, Australia;2. International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines;3. Department of Plant Protection, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey;4. Australian Cotton Research Institute, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Narrabri, New South Wales, Australia;5. School of Plant Biology, UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, WA 6009, Australia;1. Department of Agronomy, University College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Punjab, Pakistan;2. School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia;3. Department of Agronomy, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Punjab, Pakistan;4. The Centre for Plant Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland 4350, Australia |
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Abstract: | Rice is the most important and staple cereal in Bhutan, currently grown over an area of 19,549 hectares with a total production of 77,038 tonnes. However, its yield is limited in certain regions due to weed competition with losses of up to 50% reported through infestation from both annual and perennial weeds. In this article, we describe the current weed management practices in rice in Bhutan and identify challenges and prospects to guide future weed control research given that weed science in Bhutan is in its infancy. Generally, the most common form of weed control is hand weeding. However, herbicide use is also increasing as farmers face labour shortages on farms and realize the benefits of herbicides, especially in reducing the time taken to weed crops. But the continued use of the single chemical butachlor is a concern given the possible development of herbicide resistance. Research priorities for weed management in rice in Bhutan include a systematic assessment of crop yield losses; prioritization of weed importance and species shifts; mechanical and cultural alternatives to hand weeding; herbicide resistance testing and management; collective community approaches to area-wide management; and weed management options to suit alternative rice production systems. The ecology and management of the perennial semi-aquatic Potamogeton distinctus needs serious attention owing to its prevalence in major rice areas and potential alone to cause significant yield losses of up to 37%. The successful experiences and challenges in neighbouring Asian countries should also help to guide future weed control research in Bhutan. |
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Keywords: | Butachlor Herbicide Control methods |
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