长江中游不同玉稻种植模式产量及资源利用效率的比较研究

发展长江中游玉米生产是解决本区域玉米产需矛盾的根本途径。近年来随着长江中游玉米的快速发展,该地区出现了春玉米–晚稻、双季玉米和早稻–秋玉米等新型的一年两熟制种植模式,为探明其适应性和实用性,2013—2014年在湖北省武穴市设置了传统种植的双季稻(对照)、春玉米–晚稻、双季玉米和早稻–秋玉米共4种两熟制种植模式,分析比较其周年产量及光、温、水资源利用效率和经济效益。结果表明,春玉米–晚稻和双季玉米周年产量显著高于早稻–秋玉米和双季稻。与双季稻相比,春玉米–晚稻周年产量、光能生产效率、光能利用率、积温生产效率、水分利用率及经济效益分别提高18.3%、14.1%、23.4%、16.4%、37.2%和44.3%,双季玉米分别提高了13.5%、8.1%、26.1%、11.4%、88.8%和37.8%。春玉米其产量、积温生产效率、水分利用率及经济效益两年平均比早稻分别高出30.6%、29.5%、57.2%和96.1%,而秋玉米和晚稻之间产量无显著差异。不同玉稻模式周年产量差异主要源于第一季春玉米和早稻产量的差异。可见,春玉米–晚稻和双季玉米是适宜在长江中游推广的两熟制种植模式。

Comparison of Yield and Resource Utilization Efficiency among Different Maize and Rice Cropping Systems in Middle Reaches of Yangtze River

The development of maize production is important to solve the contradiction between maize production and requirement for people in the middle reaches of Yangtze River. With the rapid development of maize production recently, some new double cropping systems in a whole year such as spring maize-late rice, double season maize, early rice-autumn maize have been emerged in this region. In order to explore the extension potential of these double cropping systems in this region, four kinds of double cropping systems were tested in Wuxue, Hubei Province in 2013 and 2014, including traditional double season rice (RR), spring maize-late rice (MR), double season maize (MM) and early rice-autumn maize (RM). The field experiment with three replicates was conducted to analyze annual yield, use efficiencies of solar radiation, heat and water, and economic benefit of the four cropping systems. The results showed that annual yield of MR and MM were significantly higher than that of RM and RR. Compared with RR, MR increased annual yield, solar radiation productive efficiency, solar radiation use efficiency, accumulated heat productive efficiency, water use efficiency and economic benefit by 18.3%, 14.1%, 23.4%, 16.4%, 37.2%, and 44.3%, respectively; meanwhile, MM enhanced these paremeters by 13.5%, 8.1%, 26.1%, 11.4%, 88.8%, and 37.8%, respectively. The grain yield of spring maize was 30.6% higher than that of early rice, and there was no significant difference in yield between autumn maize and late rice. In comparison with early rice, spring maize increased accumulated heat productive efficiency, water use efficiency and economic benefit in the two years by 29.5%, 57.2%, and 96.1%, respectively. So the difference in annual yield of different cropping systems mainly results from yield difference between the first season spring maize and early season rice. The cropping systems of spring maize-late rice and double season maize are appropriate to be extended in the middle reaches of Yangtze River.