Diversity and distribution of the urban tree population in ten major Nordic cities |
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| Authors: | Henrik Sjöman Johan Östberg Oliver Bühler |
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| Institution: | 1. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Landscape Planning, Horticulture and Agricultural Science, Department of Landscape Management, Design and Construction, Box 66, SE-23053 Alnarp, Sweden;2. Division of Parks and Urban Landscapes, Danish Centre for Forest, Landscape and Planning, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, DK-1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark;1. Technical Services and Research, Casey Trees, 3030 12th St NE, Washington, DC 20017, United States;2. Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States;1. College of Forestry, Box 47, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;2. Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China;3. Demonstration Base of Forestry Seedling Science & Technique in Xizang Autonomous Region, Lhasa 850000, China;4. Research Institute of Forestry Policy and Information, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China;1. Ecology, Ecological Restoration and Landscape Unit, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo;2. Center of Competence in Planning and Urban Management, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo;3. Biodiversity and Landscape Unit, Gembloux Agro-BioTech, University of Liège, Gembloux Belgium;4. Faculty of Sciences, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo;5. Faculty of Arts and Human Sciences, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo;1. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Landscape Planning, Horticulture and Agricultural Science, Department of Landscape Architecture, Planning and Management, PO Box 66, SE-23053 Alnarp, Sweden;2. Myerscough College, Bilsborrow, Preston, Lancashire PR3 0RY, UK;3. Cornell University, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Department of Horticulture, 134A Plant Science Building, Ithaca, NY 14853-5904, USA;1. US Forest Service, Philadelphia Field Station, 100 N. 20th St., Suite 205, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA;2. University of Wisconsin – Stevens Point, College of Natural Resources, 800 Reserve Street, Stevens Point, WI 54481, USA;3. The Morton Arboretum, 4100 Illinois Route 53, Lisle IL 60532, USA;4. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Landscape Architecture, Planning and Management, P.O. Box 66, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden;5. Friends of Grand Rapids Parks, PO Box 3199, Grand Rapids, MI 49501, USA;6. Davey Resource Group, 295 S Water Street, #300, Kent, OH 44240, USA;7. The Davey Institute and US Forest Service, Philadelphia Field Station, 100 N. 20th St., Suite 205, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA;8. Department of Environmental Horticulture, CLCE, IFAS, University of Florida – Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, 14625 County Road 672, Wimauma, FL, 33598, USA;9. Technical Services and Research, Casey Trees, 3030 12th St. NE, Washington, DC 20017, USA;10. Human Ecology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA |
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| Abstract: | In order to have a healthy and sustainable urban tree population, a high diversity of species and genera is needed. This study examined (1) the diversity and distribution of genera and species of urban trees in the Nordic region; (2) the diversity in different sites of the city, distinguishing between street and park environments; and (3) the presence of native versus non-native tree species in urban environments in the Nordic region. The analysis of tree diversity was based on urban tree databases comprising a total of 190 682 trees in 10 Nordic cities – Aarhus and Copenhagen in Denmark; Espoo, Helsinki, Tampere and Turku in Finland; Gothenburg, Malmo and Stockholm in Sweden; and Oslo in Norway. The tree databases for Copenhagen, Espoo, Helsinki, Stockholm and Tampere only record street trees, while the remaining databases also include park trees. Tilia was the most dominant genus in Arhus, Copenhagen, Espoo, Gothenburg, Helsinki, Oslo and Stockholm, while Sorbus was the most dominant in Malmo and Betula in Tampere and Turku. Tilia × europaea was the most common species, comprising 16.0% of the total number of tree species. There was a higher proportion of species in parks than in street environments. The number of non-native species was higher than the number of native species in both street and park environments. However, the number of individuals belonging to native species was higher than the number of non-native individuals in all cities and environments except park environments in Arhus. The concluding recommendation from this study regarding greater diversity of genera and species is to exploit local experiences of rare species from local urban tree databases. After appropriate evaluation, urban tree planners can evaluate these rare species in larger numbers for e.g. street environments, where the need is greatest. |
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