A systematic quantitative review of urban tree benefits,costs, and assessment methods across cities in different climatic zones |
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| Authors: | Sudipto Roy Jason Byrne Catherine Pickering |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Urban Research Program, Nathan Campus, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia;2. Environmental Futures Research Centre, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast campus, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia;1. Copenhagen University, Institute of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark;2. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Box 49, 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden;3. Natural Resources Institute Finland and the Department of Ecology and Genetics University of Oulu, P.O. Box 413, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland;4. Skógræktin, Miðvangi 2-4, 700 Egilsstaðir, Iceland;1. New Zealand School of Forestry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand;2. Department of Geography and Programs in the Environment, University of Toronto, Mississauga, Canada;1. Department of Environmental Horticulture, CLCE, IFAS, University of Florida – Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, 14625 County Road 672, Wimauma, FL 33598, United States;2. Department of Environmental Horticulture, IFAS, University of Florida, 100 Mehrhof Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States;3. Department of Environmental Horticulture, IFAS, University of Florida, 100A Mehrhof Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States;4. Department of Environmental Horticulture, IFAS, University of Florida, Tree Unit, SW 23rd Terrace, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States;1. University of California, Berkeley, 230 Wurster Hall #1820, Berkeley, CA 94720-1820, USA;2. School of Environment, Griffith University, Australia;3. School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, USA |
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| Abstract: | Urban trees can potentially mitigate environmental degradation accompanying rapid urbanisation via a range of tree benefits and services. But uncertainty exists about the extent of tree benefits and services because urban trees also impose costs (e.g. asthma) and may create hazards (e.g. windthrow). Few researchers have systematically assessed how urban tree benefits and costs vary across different cities, geographic scales and climates. This paper provides a quantitative review of 115 original urban tree studies, examining: (i) research locations, (ii) research methods, and (iii) assessment techniques for tree services and disservices. Researchers published findings in 33 journals from diverse disciplines including: forestry, land use planning, ecology, and economics. Research has been geographically concentrated (64% of studies were conducted in North America). Nearly all studies (91.3%) used quantitative research, and most studies (60%) employed natural science methods. Demonstrated tree benefits include: economic, social, health, visual and aesthetic benefits; identified ecosystem services include: carbon sequestration, air quality improvement, storm water attenuation, and energy conservation. Disservices include: maintenance costs, light attenuation, infrastructure damage and health problems, among others. Additional research is required to better inform public policy, including comparative assessment of tree services and disservices, and assessment of urban residents and land managers’ understanding of tree benefits and costs. |
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