新疆玛河流域绿洲土壤特性空间分异与合理开发模式

水土资源是干旱区内陆河流域地域分异及绿洲发育的主要物质基础。以玛纳斯河流域为案例,重点分析沿流域纬度梯度土壤特性的变化。研究表明:从山地到沙漠,土壤养分表现为由高到低,具有波动性,其中有机质含量呈现明显下降趋势。土壤盐分空间变化规律明显:在前山区地带,土壤含盐量低;在冲积扇、冲积扇缘及冲积平原上部绿洲区,土壤耕层总盐高、表聚性强;从冲积平原中下部到干三角洲绿洲,耕层盐分含量依次降低,但剖面盐分含量呈现依次增加趋势,形成盐分聚集的漏斗效应,尤其进入沙漠边缘区,这种趋势更加明显。农业开发应该遵循这种分异规律,并进一步提出绿洲土壤资源合理开发利用对策与建议。

Spatial Differentiation and Exploration Direction of Soil Characteristic in Valley of Manas River in Xinjiang

The exploitation of water and soil resources is always the core problem of oases agriculture development.This paper studied and analysed the succession process of soil characteristic along the latitude in the Manas river.The result showed that from mountain region to the desert,the soil nutrient is shown from high to low,among them the obvious downward trend appears in the organic content.At the same time,the salt in the layer of soil has experienced from low to high then to low.In the alluviation fan and the top of alluvial plain,the soil salt form gathering is strong,that is to say,the content of salt relatively high in the layer of soil,but reduced in the bottom of soil.At the bottom of valley,the salt content increase from upper and bottom of soil,especially at the desert edge,this kind of trend is more obvious.Differentiation of soil characteristic was exited in mountain-basin system,and agriculture development should follow this rule.At last,the direction on the reasonable exploration and efficiency utilization of water and soil were put forward.