海南岛越冬水鸟多样性和优先保护地区分析

2002-2004年连续3年的冬季,对海南岛沿海及其内陆湿地等50个潜在的地点进行越冬水鸟调查,旨在为海南岛湿地的保护和管理提供科学依据.通过调查,共记录到越冬水鸟67种,其中小鸊()、鹭类、环颈鴴、蒙古沙鴴、灰斑鴴、青脚鹬、红脚鹬、泽鹬、矶鹬等较为常见;而鸭类、白翅浮鸥、鸥嘴噪鸥以及一些鴴鹬类如铁嘴沙鴴、黑尾塍鹬、斑尾塍鹬、三趾鹬、大滨鹬、弯嘴滨鹬、阔嘴鹬等为狭布种.历史上较为常见的越冬水鸟,如灰鹤和白骨顶,现在已不见踪迹.由于港湾湿地如东寨港、洋浦港、北黎湾具有广阔的滩涂,以及大面积的红树林和周围众多的养殖塘,为越冬水鸟提供了丰富的食物.内陆湿地如南丽湖、云月湖等,许多都受到旅游开发的干扰,水鸟的多样性较低.通过保护优先地区的分析,优先保护的地区如东寨港、后水湾、北黎湾、洋浦港、三亚河、清澜港、名人山和莺歌海等,栖息地的质量较好,具有较大的水鸟多样性和物种数,而且前3者还是国际性濒危鸟类黑脸琵鹭3个越冬地.在这些栖息地中,仍面临着滩涂围垦、水域污染、非法猎捕、海产品的采集和过度的旅游开发等的主要威胁.

Assessing Biodiversity of Wintering Waterbirds and Conservation Priorities in Hainan Island

The investigations on current status of waterbirds in 50 sites of Hainan Island were conducted consecutively in winter from 2002 to 2004, with the aim of further strengthening the conservation and management of wetlands in Hainan Island. Among 67 species recorded during the investigations, some waterbirds were often recorded such as Tachybaptus ruficollis, Ardea spp., Charadrius alexandrinus, C. mongolus, Pluvialis squatarola, Tringa nebularia, T. tetanus, T. stagnatilis, Actitis hypoleucos, however, some waterbirds were merely observed at few sites such as Anas spp., Chlidonias leucopterus, Gelochelidon niloti, C. leschenaultia, Limosa limosa, L. lapponica, Calidris canutus, C. tenuirostris, C. ferruginea, Limicola falcinellus. In addition, some waterbirds which were extremely common thirty years ago, such as common crane, Green_winged Teal and Coot, were not observed. Because of covering mangroves and many ponds, some wetlands of estuary and bay like Dongzhaigang, Yangpu Port and Beili Bay were selected as feeding and roost sites by many waterbirds. Many inland wetlands like Nanli Lake and Yunyue Lake were destroyed due to economic development, which reduced waterbirds biodiversity greatly. The results of conservation priority area assessment showed that 9 sites should be protected as high priorities for biodiversity conservation, i.e., Dongzhaigang, Houshui Bay, Beili Bay, Yangpu Port, Sanya River, Qinlan Port, Minrenshan and Yinggehai. Some endangering factors in these wetlands have negative effects on, and even great threat to waterbirds and their habitats, such as mudflat exploitation, ocean pollution, seafood collecting, illegal hunting and tourism.