Reducing Ammonia Volatilization and Improving Nitrogen use Efficiency of Rice at Different Depths of Urea Supergranule Application

An experiment was conducted to determine the depth of urea supergranule (USG) application that reduces ammonia (NH₃) volatilization and improves nitrogen use efficiency of rice. Canne, Voudou, Akuse, and Bumbi series were used. Treatments involved surface application of prilled urea (PU), USG applied at 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 cm depths and a control. Rice variety IR-841 was grown up to maturity. Closed chamber device was used to trap NH₃. Results indicated that the highest mean NH₃ loss occurred in Bumbi series (13.67%) while the lowest was Canne series (8.16%). USG applied at 0 cm resulted in the highest NH₃ loss (37.2%). NH₃ volatilization decreased with increasing depth of USG application. The highest grain yields were obtained when USG was applied at 4 and 8 cm. In Canne series, the highest agronomic use efficiency (AE) of N (57 g g^?1) was obtained with USG applied either at 8 or 12 cm while the highest recovery efficiency (RE) (84%) occurred at 8 cm. In Akuse series, the highest AE (55 g g^?1) and RE (78%) were obtained when USG was placed at 8 cm. In Voudou and Bumbi series, the highest AE (45 and 48 g g^?1 respectively) and RE (64%) were obtained with USG deep placed at 4 cm. The results therefore suggested different specific depths of USG application to reduce ammonia loss and improve nitrogen use efficiency.