广东省冬种马铃薯施肥现状调查与施肥对策

为了解广东省近年来马铃薯肥料使用现状及在施用过程中存在的问题,对粤东、粤西、粤北和珠三角4个马铃薯种植区160户马铃薯种植户的种植情况进行了调查、分析和评价。结果表明,广东省冬种马铃薯大多数品种为费乌瑞它系列,播种时间集中在10月底至11月初,施肥方式为一次性基施复合肥和鸡粪有机肥,并覆盖地膜。大部分马铃薯产量范围为33.5~45.0 t/hm ²,其中珠三角区域和惠东县的平均产量分别高达到40.40 t/hm ²和42.39 t/hm ²。全省化肥投入量为2289 kg/hm ²,其养分氮（N）、磷（P₂O₅）、钾（K₂O）投入量分别为360 kg/hm ²、288 kg/hm ²、430 kg/hm ²,N∶P₂O₅∶K₂O为1∶0.8∶1.19,与马铃薯配方施肥比1∶0.53∶(1.46~1.95)]不符;有机肥平均投入量为8615 kg/hm ²。综上所述,广东省马铃薯施肥方法不科学,化肥用量大,尤其是氮肥和磷肥投入过多,建议按照马铃薯需肥规律施肥,减少化肥投入,适当增补钾肥,增加有机肥,推广水肥一体化技术,提高马铃薯产量和种植效益,最终达到节本增效和农田可持续利用。

Investigation and Strategies for Winter Potato Fertilization in Guangdong Province

In order to understand the current situation of fertilizer applying and the existing problems in production on the potato in Guangdong province in recent years, an investigation of 160 households of winter potato planting in Eastern, Western, Northern Guangdong, and the Pearl River Delta in Guangdong were conducted, analyzed and evaluated. Most varieties of winter potato were Favorita series in Guangdong Province, and the sowing time was from the end of October to the beginning of November. The fertilization method was basal application with compound fertilizer and organic manure, and covered with black mulch. The potato yield was ranged from 33.5 to 45.0 t/hm ², while the average yields in the Pearl River Delta region and Huidong County was up to 40.40 t/hm ² and 42.39 t/hm ², respectively. The chemical fertilizer application in the province was 2289 kg/hm ², and the rate of nutrient N, P₂O₅ and K₂O was 360 kg/hm ², 288 kg/hm ² and 430 kg/hm ², respectively, or the ratio of N:P₂O₅:K₂O was 1∶0.8∶1.19, which is not con-sistent with the potato formula fertilization ratio 1∶0.53∶(1.46~1.95)]. The input of organic fertilizer was 8615 kg/hm ². In summary, the fertilization method of the potato planting in Guangdong was not scientific, and the chemical fertilizer was applied too much, especially excessive nitrogen and phosphorus. It is suggested to reduce the input of chemical fertilizer, add potassium fertilizer appropriately, increase organic fertilizer, popularize water and fertilizer integration technology, improve potato yield and planting efficiency, and achieve cost-saving efficiency and sustainable use of farmland according to the law of potato fertilizer requirement.