避雨栽培对大棚梨病虫害发生及果实品质的影响

以翠冠梨为试材,以避雨期卸掉顶膜作露地栽培为对照,研究避雨栽培对大棚梨果实品质和病虫害发生的影响。结果表明,避雨栽培明显减少大棚梨叶片病害尤其是黑斑病的发生。两种栽培模式的前期(6月29日)病害发生率均很低,发病种类以斑纹病为主。9月13日,避雨栽培的叶片病斑总数比对照减少96.6%,发病种类以灰斑病为主,占病斑总数的70.5%;其次是黑斑病,黑斑病叶片病斑总数比对照减少99.2%。避雨栽培期间,蚜虫的发生量比对照提高了862.1倍,并引发烟煤病。同时,避雨栽培显著减少了翠冠梨锈斑的发生,锈斑指数比对照减少了50.5%～58.2%,可溶性固形物含量比对照减少了0.42～0.71个百分点。在大棚梨的生产上,应优先实行避雨栽培,以减少黑斑病的发生和提高果实品质;对蚜虫及其诱发的烟煤病发生严重的大棚梨园,可采用避雨与露地栽培间隔实施的方法来控制蔓延。

Effects of Rain-shelter-cultivation on Incidence of Diseases and Pests, and Fruit Qualities of Pears

Effects of Rain-shelter-cultivation(RSC) on incidence of diseases and pests as well as fruit qualities of Cuiguan pear were investigated using Open Field Cultivation(OFC) as control.The results showed that RSC reduced significantly the incidence of fungal diseases,especially pear black spot on leaves.In the early growth stage,i.e.,before 29th of June,the incidences of pear diseases stayed at a very low level under both cultivation systems and the main pathogens were pear pyuosticta canker.On Sept.13,the total disease spots on leaves under RSC were reduced by 96.6% and the major pathogen was phyllosticta leaf spot which accounted for 70.5% of the total disease spots.The second serious disease was pear black spot which was reduced by 99.2% when compared to control.During RSC period,aphid population increased 862.1 times compared to control,resulting in the growth of sooty mould.Furthermore,RSC also reduced the fruit surface rust index and fruit TSS(total soluble solid) by 50.5%~58.2% and 0.42%~0.71%,respectively.In summary,under the plastic tunnel culture,it is preferred to use RSC to reduce the occurrence of pear black spot and improve fruit quality.RSC and OFC should be used in turns in rain-shelter-cultivated orchards with high incidences of aphids and sooty mould.