水分胁迫对日光温室葡萄叶片生理变化及果实发育的影响

为探究鲜食日光温室葡萄高效节水生产的水分管理方式,选取日光温室6a生葡萄‘红地球’为试验材料,以充分灌溉为对照[CK,土壤含水率为75%～100%的田间持水率(θf)],分别在萌芽期、新梢生长期、开花坐果期、果实膨大期、着色成熟期设置土壤含水率为55%θf(其他4个生育期为75%～100%θf)的5个水分胁迫处理,调查叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及膜质过氧化物丙二醛(MDA)和脯氨酸(Pro)含量、果实纵横径、果实硬度、单粒重量和产量,研究日光温室葡萄叶片生理和果实产量对水分胁迫的响应机制。结果表明,在果实膨大期、着色成熟期施加水分胁迫均会显著降低葡萄叶片SOD活性和Pro含量,导致MDA含量大量积累,对叶片产生不利影响。在萌芽期、新梢生长期、开花坐果期进行水分胁迫对葡萄叶片SOD活性、Pro含量影响不大,但对叶片MDA含量的影响具有滞后效应。果实膨大期水分胁迫葡萄产量仅为14 830kg·hm–2,较CK和萌芽期、新梢生长期水分胁迫显著减产20%以上。因此,水分胁迫显著降低果实膨大期SOD活性及渗透调节物质含量,增加膜质过氧化物含量,并导致产量降低,该时期不宜进行亏水处理;生长前期的水分胁迫对葡萄叶片的生理和果实的影响不显著。

Effects of water stress at different growth stages on leaf physiological changes and fruit development of grape in greenhouse

Gansu Hexi Corridor is one of the main grape producing areas in China. In recent years, the greenhouse cultivation improved the price of table grape and farmers income. However, as a high water demand economic crop, grape has been affected by drought in Hexi Corridor. The key to solve the contradiction between grape planting and shortage of water resources is to promote the water-saving and efficient production mode of grape cultivation. In order to explore the efficient water management mode and water-saving production of table grape in greenhouse, the experiment was conducted in a 6-year-old vineyard with water stress (the soil moisture was controlled at 55% to 75% of field water holding capacity) at budburst stage (its duration was 14 d), shoot elongation stage (its duration was 20 d), flowering-fruit bearing stage (its duration was 11 d), fruit enlargement stage (its duration was 72 d), and coloring maturity stage (its duration was 97 d), respectively; while the other stages was at full irrigation (the soil moisture content was up to 75%-100% of field water holding capacity). And the full-irrigation during the whole growth period of grape was set as the contral treatment (CK). The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline (Pro), as well as fruit diameter, hardness of fruit, single fruit weight and yield were observed, which were used for study the response mechanism of grape leaf physiology and fruit yield to water stress. The results showed that the SOD activity and Pro content of grape leaves were significantly reduced by water stress at fruit enlargement stage and coloring maturity stage. The MDA content of grape leaves was also significantly increased by water stress during the above two long growing stages, which had a negative effect on grape leaves. The water stresses at budburst stage, shoot elongation and flowering-fruit bearing stages had no significant effects on SOD activity and Pro content of grape leaves, significantly impacted MDA content of grape leaves. The yield under water stress at fruit enlargement stage was 14 830 kg·hm^-2, which decreased by more than 20% compared with CK, and treatments of water stress at budburst stage and shoot elongation stage. Therefore, the water stress during fruit expansion stage in greenhouse significantly decreased SOD activity and osmoregulation substances contents, increased MDA content, and led to yield decrease of grape. In Gansu Hexi Corridor, it was not suitable to apply water stress at fruit expansion stage for greenhouse grape. The water stress in the early growth period had no significant effect on the physiology of grape leaves and fruit.