耕地保护的本质回归

  目的  在新一轮机构改革背景下，针对东北黑区耕地质量建设与管理的现实困境，提出可以供选择的提升路径，以实现东北黑土区现有耕地地力有提升和耕地质量不降低的目标。  方法  采用实地调研、统计分析和对比分析相结合的方法，对2015 ~ 2019年东北三省典型黑土区高标准农田建设、耕地占补平衡和耕地破坏鉴定等方面的建设与管理成效进行深入分析。  结果  耕地质量建设与管理体制不明确，重复建设与管理真空同时存在；耕地质量评价标准不统一，原国土和农业部门各执一词；耕地质量建设投资方向偏离耕地地力提升目标，高标准农田建设项目变修路打井工程；耕地质量保护政策执行难度加大，耕地占补平衡遇到资源禀赋枯竭瓶颈；耕地质量保护执法缺乏技术标准支撑，惩处耕地破坏实施程序不畅。  结论  加强耕地质量保护与建设效果后评价和督察工作；统一耕地质量评价标准，实施动态监测；优化耕地占补平衡制度，实现一定区域内的“异地保质”占补平衡新机制；细化耕地质量建设投资中对提升耕地地力的刚性约束；成立耕地破坏鉴定机构，出台相应鉴定标准。

The Realistic Dilemma and Improvement Path of Cultivated Land Quality Construction and Management: Based on a Survey of Black Soil Areas in Three Northeast Provinces

  Objective  In the context of a new round of institutional reform, we should improve the fertility of the existing cultivated land, ensure that the quality of cultivated land is not reduced, and protect the cultivated land planting conditions from damage.  Method  Using the methods of field investigation, statistical analysis and comparative analysis, an in-depth analysis was carried on the construction and management effects of high standard farmland construction, cultivated land occupation and compensation balance and cultivated land damage identification in typical black soil areas of the three northeastern provinces from 2015 to 2019.  Result  The construction and management system of cultivated land quality is not clear, and the vacuum of repeated construction and management exists at the same time. The evaluation standards of cultivated land quality are not unified, and the original land and agricultural departments hold their own opinions. The investment direction of cultivated land quality construction deviates from the goal of improving cultivated land productivity, and high-standard farmland construction projects are transformed into road construction and well drilling projects. The implementation of cultivated land quality protection policy has become more difficult, and the balance of cultivated land occupation and compensation has encountered the bottleneck of resource endowment depletion. The law enforcement of cultivated land quality protection lacks the support of technical standards, and the implementation procedure of punishing cultivated land damage is not smooth.  Conclusion  The post evaluation and supervision of cultivated land quality protection and construction effect should be strengthened. The evaluation standard of cultivated land quality and implement dynamic monitoring should be unified. The balance system of cultivated land occupation and compensation should be optimized in order to realize the new balance mechanism of occupation and compensation in a certain region. Refine The rigid constraints on improving cultivated land fertility in cultivated land quality construction investment should be refined. The cultivated land damage appraisal institutions and issue corresponding appraisal standards should be established.