Effect of nitrogen supply on crop conductance,water- and radiation-use efficiency of wheat |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Universidad de Mar del Plata — INTA, CC 276, Balcarce 7620, Argentina;2. INTA EEA, Paraná, Argentina;1. Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Tuscia University, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy;2. Department of Plant Science, Technische Universität München, Emil-Rahmann-Str. 2, 85354, Freising, Germany;3. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Rue Hafiane Cherkaoui, 10112, Rabat, Morocco;4. Organic Agricultural Sciences – Ecological Plant Protection Group, University of Kassel, Nordbahnhofstraße 1a, 37213, Witzenhausen, Germany;5. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Avennue de la Victoire, BP 415, Rabat, Morocco;6. Agroscope, Research division Agroecology and Environment, Plant-Soil-Interactions, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046, Zürich, Switzerland;1. Charles Sturt University, P.O. Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia;2. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), DAPO 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines;3. Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India;4. International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), NASC Complex, DPS Marg, New Delhi 110012, India;1. Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, College of Applied Meteorology, International Center for Ecology, Meteorology and Environment, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China;2. State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering & College of Water Resource and Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China;3. Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China;4. Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China;5. Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China;1. IFEVA-Cátedra de Cerealicultura, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina;2. IFEVA-Cátedra de Producción Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina;3. AACREA (Argentine Association of Regional Consortiums for Agricultural Experimentation), Argentina;1. Cátedra de Cerealicultura, Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina;2. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IFEVA-CONICET), Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina;1. Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;2. Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Science, University of Arkansas, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA;3. Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, 2104 Agronomy Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA;4. Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;5. Department of Crop, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;6. Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;7. Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;8. Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA;9. Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;10. Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;11. Agronomy, Horticulture, and Plant Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA;12. Corteva Agriscience Agronomy Sciences, Johnston, IA, USA;13. Department of Statistics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA;14. Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Painter, VA 23420, USA |
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| Abstract: | Water-use efficiency (WUEDM) is directly related to radiation-use efficiency (RUE) and inversely related to crop conductance (gc). We propose that reduced WUEDM caused by shortage of nitrogen results from a reduction in RUE proportionally greater than the fall in conductance. This hypothesis was tested in irrigated wheat crops grown with contrasting nitrogen supply; treatments were 0, 80 and 120 kg N ha−1 in 1998 and 0, 80, 120 and 160 kg N ha−1 in 1999. We measured shoot dry matter, yield, intercepted solar radiation and soil water balance components. From these measurements, we derived actual evapotranspiration (ET), soil evaporation and transpiration, WUEDM (slope of the regression between dry matter and ET), WUEY (ratio between grain yield and ET), RUE (slope of the regression between dry matter and intercepted radiation), and gc (slope of the regression between transpiration and intercepted radiation). Yield increased from 2.3 in unfertilised to an average 4.7 t ha−1 in fertilised crops, seasonal ET from 311 to 387 mm, WUEDM from 23 to 37 kg ha−1 mm−1, WUEY from 7.6 to 12.4 kg ha−1 mm−1, RUE from 0.85 to 1.07 g MJ−1, while the fraction of ET accounted for soil evaporation decreased from 0.20 to 0.11. In agreement with our hypothesis, RUE accounted for 60% of the variation in WUEDM, whereas crop conductance was largely unaffected by nitrogen supply. A greater fraction of evapotranspiration lost as soil evaporation also contributed to the lower WUEDM of unfertilised crops. |
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