Responses of field-grown irrigated rice cultivars to varying levels of floodwater salinity in a semi-arid environment |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Agricultural Science, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Agrovej 10, DK 2630 Taastrup, Denmark;2. West Africa Rice Development Association, BP 96, St. Louis, Senegal;1. Department of Zoology, National Museum, Cirkusová 1740, 19300 Prague, Czech Republic;2. Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic;3. Department of Biology, Zoology Section, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, İzmir, Turkey;4. CEFE, CNRS, University of Montpellier, University Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE-PSL, IRD, Montpellier, France;5. Laboratoire de Paludologie et Zoologie médicale, MIVEGEC, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Dakar, Senegal;6. Dříteč 65, 53305, Czech Republic;7. Hielscherstr. 25, 13158 Berlin, Germany;1. School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Kottman Hall, Room 210, 2021 Coffey Rd, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;2. Department of Plant Biology, Ecole Nationale Supérieure d′Agriculture, Université de Thiès, P.O. Box A 296, Thiès, Senegal;3. Department of Soil Science, University of Daloa, BP 150 Daloa, Cote d’Ivoire;4. Department of Geology, San José State University, One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192, USA;5. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Laboratoire Mixte International Intensification Ecologique des Sols cultivés en Afrique de l′Ouest (LMI IESOL), Campus IRD/ISRA, Bel Air BP 1386, Dakar, CP 18524, Senegal;6. School of Natural Sciences, University of California, 5200 Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA;7. Eco&Sols, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France;8. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR Eco&Sols, Campus Montpellier SupAgro, Place Viala, Bat 12, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France;9. Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Bel Air BP 1386, Dakar CP 18524, Senegal;1. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA;2. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA;3. Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA;4. Evidence-Based Public Health, Centre for International Health Protection, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany;5. Institut de Formation et de Recherche Démographiques, Université de Yaoundé II, Yaoundé, Cameroon;6. Faculté des Sciences Humaines et Sociales, Université de N''Djaména, N''Djaména, Chad;7. National AIDS Control Program, Ministry of Health and Population, Brazzaville, Congo;8. Department for the Control of Disease, Epidemics and Pandemics, Ministry of Public Health, Yaoundé, Cameroon;9. Department of Public Heath, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Université de Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon;10. Department of Population Sciences and Development, Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo;11. Microdata Access Division, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada;12. Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA;13. Service de Parasitologie, Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d''Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal;1. Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130102, China;2. Da’an Sodic Land Experiment Station, Da’an, Jilin 131317, China;3. Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China;4. Dongying Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dongying, Shangdong 257091, China;5. College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China;6. Crop Breeding and Cultivation Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China;7. Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan;1. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Laboratoire de Paludologie, Dakar, Sénégal;2. Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Département d''Epidémiologie, Dakar, Sénégal;3. Ministry of Health, Dakar, Sénégal;4. Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Département d''Immunologie, Dakar, Sénégal;5. Institut Pasteur, Département de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Paris, France;6. Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar |
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| Abstract: | Shallow saline water tables, naturally saline soils and variations in climatic conditions over the two growing seasons, create a harsh environment for irrigated rice production in the Senegal River Delta. At the onset of the growing season, salts accumulated by capillary rise in the topsoil are released into the soil solution and floodwater. Rice fields often lack drainage facilities, or drain from one field to the other, thus building up salt levels during the season. Salt stress may, therefore, occur throughout the growing season and may coincide with susceptible growth stages of the rice crop. The objectives of the present study were to (i) determine varietal responses to seasonal salinity in both the hot dry season (HDS) and the wet season (WS) and (ii) derive guidelines for surface water drainage at critical growth stages. We evaluated responses of three rice cultivars grown in the region to floodwater salinity (0–2, 4, 6, 8 mS cm−1), applied either at germination, during 2 weeks at crop establishment, during 2 weeks around panicle initiation (PI), or during 2 weeks around flowering. Floodwater electrical conductivity (EC) reduced germination rate for the most susceptible cultivar by as much as 50% and yield by 80% for the highest salinity level imposed. Salinity strongly reduced spikelet number per panicle, 1000 grain weight and increased sterility, regardless of season and development stage. The strongest salinity effects on yield were observed around PI, whereas plants recovered best from stress at seedling stage. Floodwater EC <2 mS cm−1 hardly affected rice yield. For floodwater EC levels >2 mS cm−1, a yield loss of up to 1 t ha−1 per unit EC (mS cm−1) was observed for salinity stress around PI (at fresh water yields of about 8 t ha−1). Use of a salinity tolerant cultivar reduced maximum yield losses to about 0.6 t ha−1 per unit EC. It is concluded that use of salinity tolerant cultivars, drainage if floodwater EC >2 mS cm−1 at critical growth stages, and early sowing in the WS to avoid periods of low air humidity during the crop cycle, are ways to increase rice productivity in the Senegal River Delta. |
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